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Genetic Variation in DNA of Coho Salmon from the Lower Columbia River : Final Report 1993. (open access)

Genetic Variation in DNA of Coho Salmon from the Lower Columbia River : Final Report 1993.

The goal of this project was to develop techniques to provide the information needed to determine if Lower Columbia River coho salmon represent a 'species' under the Endangered Species Act. Our report features two new nuclear DNA approaches to the improved detection of genetic variation: (1) Studies of DNA-level genetic variation for two nuclear growth hormone genes; (2) Use of arbitrary DNA primers (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, or 'RAPD' primers) to detect variation at large numbers of nuclear genes. We used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify variable sections (introns) of two growth hormone genes (GH-I and G/f-Z) in several salmonid species. Coho salmon had three DNA length variants for G/-I intron C. Restriction analysis and sequencing provided valuable information about the mode of evolution of these DNA sequences. We tested segregation of the variants in captive broods of coho salmon, and demonstrated that they are alleles at a single Mendelian locus. Population studies using the GH-1 alleles showed highly significant frequency differences between Lower Columbia River and Oregon Coast coho salmon, and marginal differences among stocks within these regions. These new markers are adequately defined and tested to use in coho salmon population studies of any size. The …
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Fobes, Stephen; Knudsen, Kathy & Allendorf, Fred
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Umatilla River Basin Anadromous Fish Habitat Enhancement Project : 1993 Annual Report. (open access)

Umatilla River Basin Anadromous Fish Habitat Enhancement Project : 1993 Annual Report.

The Umatilla Basin Anadromous Fish Habitat Enhancement Project is funded under the Northwest Power Planning Council's Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife Program Measure 704 (d) (1) 34.02 and targets the improvement of water quality and restoration of riparian areas, holding, spawning and rearing habitats of steelhead, spring and fall chinook and coho salmon. The project focused on implementing instream and riparian habitat improvements on private lands on the Umatilla Indian Reservation (hereafter referred to as Reservation) from April 1, 1988 to March 31, 1992. These efforts resulted in enhancement of the lower 1/4 mile of Boston Canyon Creek, the lower 4 river miles of Meacham Creek and 3.2 river miles of the Umatilla River (downstream of the Meacham Creek confluence upstream to the Reservation East Boundary). In 1993, the project shifted emphasis to a comprehensive watershed approach consistent with other basin efforts and began to identify upland and riparian watershed-wide causative factors impacting fisheries habitat and natural fisheries production capabilities throughout the Umatilla River Watershed. Maintenance of existing habitat improvement projects was included under this comprehensive approach. Maintenance of existing gravel traps, instream and bank stabilization structures was required within project areas during the reporting period due to spring …
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Shaw, R. Todd
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Tulia Herald (Tulia, Tex.), Vol. 85, No. 13, Ed. 1 Thursday, April 1, 1993 (open access)

The Tulia Herald (Tulia, Tex.), Vol. 85, No. 13, Ed. 1 Thursday, April 1, 1993

Weekly newspaper from Tulia, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with extensive advertising.
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Portal to Texas History
Reorientation of misfit dislocations during annealing in InGaAs/GaAs(001) interfaces (open access)

Reorientation of misfit dislocations during annealing in InGaAs/GaAs(001) interfaces

Transmission electron microscopy is applied to investigate the effect of postannealing on misfit dislocations in an In[sup 0.2]Ga[sup 0.8]As/GaAs(001) heterostructure. An orthogonal array of 60[degree] dislocations along [110] and [110] directions was observed in the interfaces of the samples grown by MBE at 520C. When the as-grown samples were annealed at temperatures ranging from 600 to 800C, the 60[degree] dislocations were gradually reoriented by dislocation reactions occurring at the 90[degree] intersections followed by nonconservative motion driven by dislocation line tension and the residual elastic misfit strain. The final result of this process was a dislocation array lying along [100] and [center dot] [010] directions. The reoriented u =<100> dislocation has a Burgers vector b = a/2 <101>, which is the same as that of 60[degree] dislocation, but the edge component of its Burgers vector in the (001) interfacial plane is larger than that of 60[degree] dislocation by a factor of [radical]2, resulting in a greater contribution to elastic strain relaxation. This nonconservative reorientation of 60[degree] dislocations to form the u=<100> dislocations represents a new strain relaxation mechanism in diamond or zinc blende semiconductor heterostructures.
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Chen, Y.; Liliental-Weber, Z.; Washburn, J. (Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States)); Klem, J.F. & Tsao, J.Y. (Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States))
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Electricity savings from residential appliance standards in Sweden (open access)

Electricity savings from residential appliance standards in Sweden

This paper discusses the energy savings that could be obtained in Sweden by instituting specific standards for five appliances: Refrigerators, freezers, dishwashers, clothes washers, and clothes dryers. At the present time, Sweden has no minimum energy efficiency standards for residential appliances. This paper discusses the energy savings that could be obtained by instituting specific standards for five product types (refrigerators, freezers, dishwashers, clothes washers, and dryers) starting in 1995. A methodology similar to that used in analyses for the European Community was employed in this study. In the Swedish study, we used appliance test data developed by the Swedish consumer agency, Konsument Verket, to estimate new unit energy consumption for each product type. Shipments, saturations, energy use, and demographic data were input to a spreadsheet model that sums energy consumption for each product type over the period 1990--2010. Both a base case and a standards case scenario are simulated for each of the five appliance types. It was found that electricity use for these five products can be reduced by 12% over the time period from 1990--2010. Most of the energy savings come from instituting efficiency standards for refrigerators and freezers. For each product class type, the impact on manufacturer …
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Turiel, I. (Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States)) & Lebot, B. (Agence Francaise pour la Maitrise de l'Energie, 75 - Paris (France))
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Bogata News (Bogata, Tex.), Vol. 82, No. 50, Ed. 1 Thursday, April 1, 1993 (open access)

Bogata News (Bogata, Tex.), Vol. 82, No. 50, Ed. 1 Thursday, April 1, 1993

Weekly newspaper from Bogata, Texas that includes local, state, and national news along with advertising.
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Nichols, Nanalee & Nichols, Thomas
Object Type: Newspaper
System: The Portal to Texas History
Nuclear Medicine Program progress report for quarter ending March 31, 1993 (open access)

Nuclear Medicine Program progress report for quarter ending March 31, 1993

We have exploring the possibility of measuring urinary radioactivity as an index of pancreatic lipase activity after oral administration of a new triglyceride containing a radioactive iodine-1 25-labeled fatty acid moiety. The new agent, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3[15-(p-iodophenyl)pentandecan-l-oyl]-racglycerol (1,2-Pal-3-IPPA), was prepared by the thallation-iodide displacement method. Following oral gavage of the radioiodinated triglyceride to rats, about 30% of the administered activity was excreted in 24 hours in the urine. In normal human controls an higher urinary excretion (of about 75% was observed. In this report, we describe an evaluation of the metabolites excreted in the urine and the chemical species stored in adipose from rats. The urine activity co-chromatographed with hippuric acid by TLC indicating conjugation of the IPPA metabolites. Release of the acidic components from the conjugated excretory products by acid hydrolysis of the urine provided the radioactive acidic IPPA metabolites. Analysis of the Folch extracts of fat samples from rats demonstrated that the radioactive components co-chromatographed In the triglyceride region. Recent studies in patients with compromised pancreatic exocrine function have demonstrated significantly decreased 24 hr. urinary excretion of about 25%, following oral administration of [1 -1 31]-1,2-Pal-3-IPPA. Thus, urine analysis after oral administration of [I -1 31]-1,2-Pal-3-IPPA may be a simple, …
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Knapp, F. F. Jr.; Ambrose, K. R.; Beets, A. L.; Callahan, A. P.; McPherson, D. W.; Mirzadeh, S. et al.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Savings from energy efficient windows: Current and future savings from new fenestration technologies in the residential market (open access)

Savings from energy efficient windows: Current and future savings from new fenestration technologies in the residential market

Heating and cooling energy lost through windows in the residential sector (estimated at two-thirds of the energy lost through windows in all sectors) currently accounts for 3 percent (or 2.8 quads) of total US energy use, costing over $26 billion annually in energy bills. Installation of energy-efficient windows is acting to reduce the amount of energy lost per unit window area. Installation of more energy efficient windows since 1970 has resulted in an annual savings of approximately 0.6 quads. If all windows utilized existing cost effective energy conserving technologies, then residential window energy losses would amount to less than 0.8 quads, directly saving $18 billion per year in avoided energy costs. The nationwide installation of windows that are now being developed could actually turn this energy loss into a net energy gain. Considering only natural replacement of windows and new construction, appropriate fenestration policies could help realize this potential by reducing annual residential window energy losses to 2.2 quids by the year 2012, despite a growing housing stock.
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Frost, K.; Arasteh, D. & Eto, J.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Quenching and annealing effects on the specific heat of YBa[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 7[minus][delta]] (open access)

Quenching and annealing effects on the specific heat of YBa[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 7[minus][delta]]

Effect of heat treatments and quenching with no change in oxygen content was studied for a polycrystalline sample of YBCO. Quenching the sample changes the specific heat and resistivity, showing that nonsuperconducting regions, some of which are not associated with Cu[sup 2+] moments, can be created in YBCO by heat treatment alone.
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Emerson, J. P.; Fisher, R. A.; Wright, D. A.; Phillips, N. E. (Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States)); Gordon, J. E. (Lawrence Berkeley Lab., CA (United States) Amherst Coll., MA (United States). Dept. of Physics) & McCarron III, E. M. (Du Pont de Nemours (E.I.) and Co., Wilmington, DE (United States))
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Inductive effects during second harmonic current drive experiments on T-10 (open access)

Inductive effects during second harmonic current drive experiments on T-10

Current drive during second harmonic, electron cyclotron heating experiments performed on the T-10 tokamak have been simulated with the ONETWO transport code to determine the effects of induction on the time evolution of the loop voltage and current density profile. Ray tracing shows the well focused rf power can generate centrally peaked current densities which exceed the Ohmic current densities by a factor of five, causing very peaked plasma current profiles which will be unable to sawteeth. A Kadomtsev model of the sawtooth shows that a limit cycle is quickly reached which maintains a broad current profile and requires generation of a negative dc component of the loop voltage localized near the magnetic axis. This negative electric field effectively drive efficiency. A broader profile of driven current, as in the fundamental current drive experiment on T-10, would not suffer this effect.
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Forest, C.B.; Harvey, R.W.; Lohr, J.; Luce, T.C.; Linliu, Y.R. (General Atomics, San Diego, CA (United States)); Esipchuk, Y. et al.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
SLAC measurement of the neutron spin structure function (open access)

SLAC measurement of the neutron spin structure function

A measurement of the nucleon spin asymmetries from deep inelastic scattering of polarized electrons by polarized [sup 3]He has been performed. The neutron spin structure function g[sub 1][sup n] is extracted and used to test the Bjorken sum rule. The neutron integral assuming a simple Regge theory extrapolation at low x is [integral][sub 0][sup 1]g[sub 1][sup n](x)dx = [minus]0.022 [plus minus] 0.011. Combined with the EMC proton results, the Bjorken sum rule predicts a neutron integral of [integral][sub 0][sup 1]g[sub 1][sup n](x)dx = [minus]0.065 [plus minus] 0.018.
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Hughes, E.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Land application uses for dry FGD by-products (open access)

Land application uses for dry FGD by-products

The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act have spurred the development of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes, several of which produce a dry, solid by-product material consisting of excess sorbent, reaction products containing sulfates and sulfites, and coal fly ash. Presently FGD by-product materials are treated as solid wastes and must be landfilled. However, landfill sites are becoming more scarce and tipping fees are constantly increasing. It is, therefore, highly desirable to find beneficial reuses for these materials provided the environmental impacts are minimal and socially acceptable. Phase 1 results of a 4 and 1/2 year study to demonstrate large volume beneficial uses of FGD by-products are reported. The purpose of the Phase 1 portion of the project was to characterize the chemical, physical, mineralogical and engineering properties of the FGD by-product materials obtained from various FGD technologies being developed in the state of Ohio. Phase 1 also involved the collection of baseline economic data related to the beneficial reuse of these FGD materials. A total of 58 samples were collected and analyzed. In summary Phase 1 results revealed that FGD by-product materials are essentially coal fly ash materials diluted with unreacted sorbent and reaction products. High volume beneficial …
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Bigham, J.; Dick, W.; Forster, L.; Hitzhusen, F.; McCoy, E.; Stehouwer, R. et al.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Characterization of air toxics from a laboratory coal-fired combustor and utility scale power plants (open access)

Characterization of air toxics from a laboratory coal-fired combustor and utility scale power plants

Laboratory combustor studies were conducted at Battelle in the fall of 1992 to evaluate sampling methods and analysis techniques for air toxics generated by buming pulverized coal. These experiments were described in the fifth quarterly progress report. In this report results from additional analyses of samples are reported. Results are shown in Tables 1--8 for analysis of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAH), oxygenated PAH (oxy-PAH), hydroxy-nitro-aromatic compounds (OH-NO2-AR/PAH), and PAH derivatives containing sulfur (PASH) and nitrogen (PANH). In the tables the two fning rates refer to the rate at which coal was fired in the laboratory fumace. The high firing rate was 5.7 g/s (45 lbs/hr), and the low firing rate was 5.3 g/s. The first letter in the sample identification refers to high (H) or low (L) coal firing rate. The second letter refers to either the hot flue samples (H) or samples collected with a Plume Simulating Dilution Sampler (D). The third letter refers to the particle size range. Size range A was about 3.3-7.1 [mu]m. Size range B was about 0.87-3.3 Jim. Size range C was less than 0.87-3.3[mu]m. Size range C was less than 0.87[mu]m. The nitro-PAH data from the hot flue and PSDS vapor and particle …
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Synthesis of new high performance lubricants and solid lubricants (open access)

Synthesis of new high performance lubricants and solid lubricants

Synthesis and testing was begun on a number of new classes of lubricants: perfluoropolyethers (branching effects), perfluoromethylene oxide ethers, chlorine-substituted fluorocarbon polyethers, fluorine-containing branched ether lubricants, glycerine- based perfluoropolyesters, perfluoro epoxy ether chains, etc.
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Lagow, R.J.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Coal plasticity at high heating rates and temperatures (open access)

Coal plasticity at high heating rates and temperatures

The results of the multiple independent parallel reaction (MIPR) kinetics model are reported and discussed. The MIPR model's results agree well with the data. The effects of holding temperature, heating rate, and coal type on plasticity are displayed by the model. However, the model does not address the secondary reactions forming higher molecular weight liquid hypothesized to be responsible for the initial rise in viscosity during solidification. The average standard error of estimates for the plastic period and maximum plasticity are 0.13 s and 317 Pa-s, respectively. These values are comparable to the measurement resolution of the plastometer (0.1 s and [plus minus] 200 Pa[center dot]s).
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Gerjarusak, S.; Peters, W.A. & Howard, J.B.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
GEM muon tracking R and D (open access)

GEM muon tracking R and D

The suitability of open-profile CSCs for the GEM muon system was evaluated by constructing a small (0.5 m [times] 1.0 m) prototype and testing it with cosmic ray muons. The measured spatial resolution surpassed the GEM requirement of 75 [mu]m. The test results were compared with Monte Carlo simulations; good agreement was found. Studies of the timing properties of the prototype have been started.
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Lau, K.; Mayes, B.; Pyrlik, J. & Weinstein, R.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Experimental particle physics at the University of Pittsburgh. [Dept. of Physics and Astronomy] (open access)

Experimental particle physics at the University of Pittsburgh. [Dept. of Physics and Astronomy]

During the past year on Task A, the HELIOS work drew to a close with first results from the electron-muon pair studies (no anomalous sources are seen, and the final results and uncertainties are being set). First data from CMD2 will allow improvement of some phi branching ratios, including some improved limits on forbidden decays. The engineering run for E865 is scheduled for June and July of 1993. The principal efforts of Task B, the Fermilab program, have been the completion of the analysis of the 1987--88 data with resulting publications, completion of the 1990--91 data run, and the beginning of the analysis of the 1990--91 data. In addition, the Task B group is taking a leadership role in developing a proposal to Fermilab for the upgrade of the CDF silicon vertex detector in preparation for the 1995 data run. Task C has recently submitted results of its fractionally charged particle searches, placing new upper limits on the abundance of naturally-occurring fractionally-charged particles in various materials. This group has recently been approved by the Brookhaven management for an exposure of their p-i-n diodes in a high intensity proton beam. This measurement, along with its subsequent analysis, will complete the program. …
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Cleland, W. E.; Engels Jr., E.; Humanic, T. J.; Perera, U.; Shepard, P. F. & Thompson, J. A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Corrosion Performance of Materials in Coal-Combustion Environments (open access)

Corrosion Performance of Materials in Coal-Combustion Environments

Reliability of components and long-term trouble-free performance of structural materials are essential for the acceptance of power-generating process that utilize coal as a feedstock- The combustion environments encompass a wide range of oxygen partial pressures, from excess-air conditions in conventional systems to air-deficient conditions in low-NO[sub x] systems. Apart from the environmental aspects of the effluent from coal combustion, one of the concerns from the systems standpoint is the aggressiveness of the combustion environment toward the boiler structural components such as waterwall tubes and steam superheaters. The corrosion tests in this program address the combined effect of sulfur and chlorine on the corrosion response of several ASME-coded and noncoded boiler materials exposed to air-deficient and excess-air combustion conditions. Thermodynamic calculations were made to evaluate the gas chemistries that will arise from combustion of coals. The results of such calculations, coupled with oxygen-sulfur-chlorine thermochemical diagrams, were used to select gas environments for the laboratory test program. Tests were conducted at 400 and 650[degrees]C to stimulate the waterwall and superheater environments, respectively, in pulverized-coal-fired boilers. Experimental results obtained thus far indicate that both sulfur and chlorine can accelerate corrosion of ferritic and austenitic alloys; in addition, the protective capacity of the oxide …
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Natesan, K.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Security classification of information (open access)

Security classification of information

This document is the second of a planned four-volume work that comprehensively discusses the security classification of information. The main focus of Volume 2 is on the principles for classification of information. Included herein are descriptions of the two major types of information that governments classify for national security reasons (subjective and objective information), guidance to use when determining whether information under consideration for classification is controlled by the government (a necessary requirement for classification to be effective), information disclosure risks and benefits (the benefits and costs of classification), standards to use when balancing information disclosure risks and benefits, guidance for assigning classification levels (Top Secret, Secret, or Confidential) to classified information, guidance for determining how long information should be classified (classification duration), classification of associations of information, classification of compilations of information, and principles for declassifying and downgrading information. Rules or principles of certain areas of our legal system (e.g., trade secret law) are sometimes mentioned to .provide added support to some of those classification principles.
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Quist, A.S.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Low Z impurity ion extraction from TFTR ion sources (open access)

Low Z impurity ion extraction from TFTR ion sources

TFTR deuterium neutral beams have been operated unintentionally with significant quantities of extracted water ions. Water has been observed with an Optical Multichannel Analyzer (OMA) during beam extraction when small water leaks were present within the arc chamber. These leaks were thermally induced with the contamination level increasing linearly with pulse length. 6% of the beam current was attributed to water ions for the worst leak, corresponding to an instantaneous value of 12% at the end of a 1.5 s pulse. A pre-calorimeter collimator was damaged as a result of this operation. A similar contamination is observed during initial operation of ion sources exposed to air. This latter contamination is attributed to the synthesis, from adsorbed air, of either D[sub 2]O or the indistinguishable ND[sub 3]. Initial operation of new ion sources typically produces a contamination level of [approximately]2%. These impurities are reduced to undetectable levels after 50 to 100 beam pulses. Once a water molecule is present in the plasma generator, it is predominantly ionized rather than dissociated, resulting in the extraction of only trace amounts of hydrogenated ions. The addition of water to the extracted beam also reduces the optimum perveance, moving the typical underdense operating point closer …
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Kamperschroer, J. H.; Grisham, L. R.; Newman, R. A.; O'Connor, T. E.; Stevenson, T. N.; von Halle, A. et al.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Oxidation of Coal and Coal Pyrite Mechanisms and Influence on Surface Characteristics (open access)

Oxidation of Coal and Coal Pyrite Mechanisms and Influence on Surface Characteristics

During the tenth quarter, electrochemical experiments were done on electrodes prepared from Upper Freeport coal pyrite, and Pittsburgh coal pyrite samples provided by the US Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh Research Center, Pennsylvania. Electrokinetic tests were done on Upper Freeport and Pittsburgh coal pyrite. In addition, surface area measurements were done on Upper Freeport and Upper Clarion coals.
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Doyle, F. M.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Risk communication in environmental restoration programs (open access)

Risk communication in environmental restoration programs

The author advocates adoption of a convergence model in place of the traditional source-receiver model of communication for communicating with members of the public who have a stake in remediation of a nearby site. The source-receiver model conceives of communication as the transmission of a message from a risk management agency (sender) to a target audience of the public (receivers). The underlying theme is that the sender intends to change the perception of the receiver of either the issue or the sender of information. The theme may be appropriate for health campaigns which seek to change public behavior; however, the author draws on her experience at a DOE site undergoing remediation to illustrate why the convergence model is more appropriate in the context of cleanup. This alternative model focuses on the Latin derivation of communication as sharing or making common to many, i.e., as involving a relationship between participants who engage in a process of communication. The focus appears to be consistent with recently issued DOE policy that calls for involving the public in identifying issues and problems and in formulating and evaluating decision alternatives in cleanup. By emphasizing context, process and participants, as opposed to senders and receivers, the …
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Bradbury, J.A.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Micro-agglomerate flotation for deep cleaning of coal (open access)

Micro-agglomerate flotation for deep cleaning of coal

We are investigating the use of a hybrid process, Micro-agglomerate flotation, which is a combination of oil-agglomeration and froth flotation. The basic concept is to use small quantities of oil to promote the formation of dense micro-agglomerates with minimal entrapment of water and mineral particles, and to use froth flotation to extract these micro-agglomerates from the water/dispersed-mineral phase. Since the floating units are agglomerates (about 30--50 [mu]m in size) rather than individual coal particles (1--10 [mu]m) the problems of froth overload and water/mineral carryover should be significantly alleviated.Micro-agglomerate flotation has considerable potential for the practical deep cleaning of coal on a commercial scale. In principle, it should be possible to achieve both high selectivity and high yield at reasonable cost. The process requires only conventional, off-the-shelf equipment and reagent usage (oil, surfactants, etc.) should be small. There are, however, complications. The process involves at least five phases: two or more solids (coal and mineral), two liquids (oil and water) and one gas (air). It is necessary to maintain precise control over the chemistry of the liquid phases in order to promote the interfacial reactions and interactions between phases necessary to ensure selectivity. Kinetics as well as thermodynamic factors may be …
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Chander, S. & Hogg, R.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Excitation rate and background measurements during LIF studies on krypton (open access)

Excitation rate and background measurements during LIF studies on krypton

The Krypton Isotope Laser Analysis (KILA) method is being developed at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) to measure [sup 85]Kr concentrations in small air samples. The technique uses high-resolution lasers to excite individual isotopes of krypton specifically to induce [sup 85]Kr to fluorescence for detection by optical means. Production of krypton metastables via two-photon excitation to the 2p[sub 6] state has been shown to be 0.15% efficient in 0.13 mTorr of krypton--sufficiently high to demonstrate overall feasibility of the KILA method. Since this goal was met, focus has been directed toward development of a working vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) fluorescence detection system and toward understanding the VUV background. This report describes the progress made in these two areas. The second step of the KILA process is to optically pump all except the [sup 85]Kr isotopes from the metastable state back to the ground state using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The rate of this process and the VUV background afterward will determine the sensitivity and selectivity of the KILA approach. De-excitation of the metastable population was accomplished via one-photon absorption of a continuous-wave (c-w) laser to the 2p[sub 8] energy level. Non-isotopically selective de-excitation rates as high as 5 [times] 10[sup 5] sec[sup …
Date: April 1, 1993
Creator: Whitehead, C.A.; Cannon, B.D. & Wacker, J.F.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library