Motivated by the recent developments in the cyclotron resonance upscattering of soft photons or CUSP model of Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) continuum spectra, we revisit a select database of GRBs with credible cyclotron absorption features. We measure the break energy of the continuum, the slope below the break and deduce the soft photon energy or the electron beam Lorentz factor cutoff. We study the correlation (or lack of) between various parameters in the context of the CUSP model. One surprise result is that there appears to be marginal correlation between the break energy and the spectral index below the break. 20 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.

In this paper, we discuss some basic beam dynamics issues related to obtaining and preserving the luminosity of a next generation linear collider. The beams are extracted from a damping ring and compressed in length by the first bunch compressor. They are then accelerated in a preaccelerator linac up to an energy appropriate for injection into a high gradient linac. In many designs this pre-acceleration is followed by another bunch compression to reach a short bunch. After acceleration in the linac, the bunches are finally focused transversely to a small spot. 27 refs., 1 fig.

An Induction Linac accelerating high ion currents at sub-relativistic energies is predicted to exhibit unstable growth of current fluctuations at low frequencies. The instability is driven by the interaction between the beam and complex impedance of the induction modules. In general, the detailed form of the growing disturbance depends on the initial perturbation and ratio of pulse length to accelerator length, as well as the specific form of the impedance. An asymptotic analysis of the several regimes of interest is presented. 1 ref.

We have used high-resolution x-ray spectroscopy to investigate inner-shell ionization of Cr{sup 21+} ions by electron impact using the Electron Beam Ion Trap at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Our measurements indicate that inner-shell ionization enhances the intensity of the radiative transition 1s2s {sup 3}S{sub 1}{yields}1s{sup 2}{sup 1}S{sub 0}. 7 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.

This paper discusses lattice automata models for earthquakes and frictional sliding. (JEF)

The expected buildup of co-deposited tritium on the CIT carbon divertor and first wall surfaces and operational methods of minimizing the inventory have been examined. The analysis uses impurity transport computer codes, and associated plasma and tritium retention models, to compute the thickness of redeposited sputtered carbon and the resulting co-deposited tritium inventory on the divertor plates and first wall. Predicted erosion/growth rates are dominated by the effect of gaps between carbon tiles. The overall results appear favorable, showing stable operation (finite self-sputtering) and acceptably low ({approximately}25 Ci/pulse) co-deposited tritium rates, at high surface temperature (1700{degree}C) design conditions. These results, however, are highly speculative due to serious model inadequacies at the high sputtering rates predicted. If stable operation is obtainable, the prospects appear good for adequate tritium inventory control via helium-oxygen glow discharge cleaning. 25 refs.

It is a common practice to use wind speeds at hub height in determining wind turbine power curves. Although the possible influence of other variables (sub as turbulence and wind shear) is generally neglected in power curve measurements, we discovered the importance of other variables in an analysis of power curves for three 2.5 MW wind turbines. When the power curves were stratified by turbulence intensity. Such a large sensitivity to turbulence was not expected, and further analyses were conducted to determine if other factors accompanying the change in turbulence level could cause or contribute to the observed sensitivity of the power curves to turbulence. In summary, the sensitivity of the observed power curves was largely due to two factors: (1) an actual sensitivity to turbulence in determining the power curve and (2) the deviation of the disk-averaged velocity from the hub-height velocity under low turbulence conditions that were most prevalent at the site. An examination of the wind shear profiles over the height of the rotor disk revealed that low turbulence conditions were characterized by strong shear in the lower half of the rotor disk and weak or negative shear in the upper half. Implications of this analysis are …

A 1-m long superconducting dipole prototype with an aperture of 5 cm and a rated field of 6.6 T was built and tested. This model was based on a two-layer cosine-theta coil clamped by stainless steel collars inside a laminated iron yoke, with a large keystone-angle cable and no wedge. The cold mass was encased in an outer stainless steel skin. The magnet was instrumented with voltage taps, which allow the location of the quench start, and with strain gauges, which allow the measurement of the coil stress variations during assembly, cool-down, and energization. Prior to the assembly, several tests were carried out in order to understand the mechanical properties of the coil and to determine a proper calibration for the strain gauges. This paper reports these design studies, with emphasis on the calibration problem, followed by a discussion of the magnet assembly and quench performance in light of the mechanical measurements.

A key safety concern in a D-T fusion reactor is the tritium inventory. There are three components in a fusion reactor with potentially large inventories, i.e., the blanket, the fuel processing system and the plasma facing components. The ARIES team selected the material combinations, decided the operating conditions and refined the processing systems, with the aiming of minimizing the tritium inventories and leakage. The total tritium inventory for the ARIES-I reactor is only 700 g. This paper discussed the calculations and assumptions we made for the low tritium inventory. We also addressed the uncertainties about the tritium inventory. 13 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.

Wall conditioning is used in DIII-D for both reduction of impurity influxes and particle control. The methods used include: baking, pulsed discharge cleaning, hydrogen glow cleaning, helium and neon glow conditioning, and carbonization. Helium glow wall conditioning applied before every tokamak discharge has been effective in impurity removal and particle control and has significantly expanded the parameter space in which DIII-D operates to include limiter and ohmic H-mode discharges and higher {beta}{sub T} at low q. The highest values of divertor plasma current (3.0 MA) and stored energy (3.6 MJ) and peaked density profiles in H-mode discharges have been observed after carbonization. Divertor physics studies in DIII-D include sweeping the X-point to reduce peak heat loads, measurement of particle and heat fluxes in the divertor region, and erosion studies. The DIII-D Advanced Divertor has been installed and bias and baffle experiments will begin in the fall of 1991. 15 refs., 4 figs.

The spatial and temporal distributions of energy deposition by high-linear-energy-transfer radiation play an important role in the subsequent chemical and biological processes leading to radiation damage. Because the spatial structures of energy deposition events are of the same dimensions as molecular structures in the mammalian cell, direct measurements of energy deposition distributions appropriate to radiation biology are infeasible. This has led to the development of models of energy transport based on a knowledge of atomic and molecular interactions process that enable one to simulate energy transfer on an atomic scale. Such models require a detailed understanding of the interactions of ions and electrons with biologically relevant material. During the past 20 years there has been a great deal of progress in our understanding of these interactions; much of it coming from studies in the gas phase. These studies provide information on the systematics of interaction cross sections leading to a knowledge of the regions of energy deposition where molecular and phase effects are important and that guide developments in appropriate theory. In this report studies of the doubly differential cross sections, crucial to the development of stochastic energy deposition calculations and track structure simulation, will be reviewed. Areas of understanding …

The Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) has been used to generate and excite several helium-like and neon-like ions. Polarization measurements have been made using three different techniques. Two detectors at 0{degree} and 90{degree} to the collision direction have been used for low resolution measurements on neon-like barium and for radiative recombination measurements. The polarization of the 2 to 1 emission lines for helium-like scandium have been measured with a rotatable focusing Johann spectrometer at an electron-ion collision energy of 4.36 keV. The results are in agreement with calculations that include the hyperfine interaction with the Sc nucleus. Calculations of the line polarization ignoring the hyperfine interaction are significantly different and not in agreement with the experimental results. The same spectrometer has been used to measure the polarization of neon-like barium (Ba{sup 46+}). A multiple crystal technique has been used with a flat crystal spectrometer to measure the polarization of neon-like barium and several helium like ions (Sc{sup 19+},Ti{sup 20+},V{sup 21+}).

In August 1987, a routine Ames test on soot from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) 4-in. gun showed that the soot was mutagenic to Salmonella bacteria. Subsequent liquid chromatography on the soot showed that, out of hundreds of ultravoilet-absorbing compounds found in the residue, only three or four were mutagenic. When a sample large enough to weigh was collected, it was found that No environmentally identified complex mixture has ever been reported with as much Ames/Salmonella activity per gram as the gun residues.'' Since then, Ames tests of hundreds of samples have verified that the residues from our gun tanks may be hazardous to health. The actual degree of the hazard and the identity of the offending chemicals are still unknown. 2 refs.

The electron beam ion trap at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is used to produce and trap very highly charged ions for the study of electron-ion interactions. Measurements of x-ray transitions in neonlike thorium (Th{sup 80+}), ionization cross sections of lithiumlike barium (Ba{sup 53+}), and of level-specific dielectronic recombination cross sections of lithium iron (Fe{sup 23+}) are presented. 12 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.

Recently, a number of papers have addressed global warming and freshwater fisheries. The recent report to Congress by the US Environmental Protection Agency included an analysis of potential effects of global warming on fisheries of the Great Lakes, California, and the Southeast. In California, the report stated that salinity increases in the San Francisco Bay could enhance the abundance of marine fish species, while anadromous species could be adversely affected. This paper discusses global climate changes and the effects on Pacific Northwest Salmonids. The impacts of climate change or Spring Chinook production in the Yakima Sub-basin was simulated using a computer modeling system developed for the Northwest Power planning council. 35 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.

The use of passive superconductor to correct the magnetization sextupole and decapole in SSC dipoles appears to be promising. This paper presents the results of a series of experiments of passive superconductor correctors in one meter long dipole magnets. Reduction of the magnetization sextupole by a factor of five to ten has been achieved using the passive superconductor correctors. The magnetization decapole was also reduced. The passive superconductor correctors reduced the sextupole temperature sensitivity by an order of magnitude. Flux creep decay was partially compensated for by the correctors. 13 refs., 7 figs.

Increases in greenhouse gases are expected to lead to a number of changes to the atmosphere which may impact regional and global chemical cycles. With the increasing awareness of climate change and the possibility of global chemical changes to the atmosphere, it becomes important to ask whether these changes to global climate and chemical cycles might benefit or hinder control programs aimed at reducing acid deposition. In the following, we review several possible changes to climate that may be expected to impact the global cycle of reactive nitrogen. We then use our global model of the reactive nitrogen cycle to estimate the effects of several of the more important changes on the continental-scale deposition of nitric acid. 7 refs., 1 tab.

This paper is a progress report on studies carried out at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center to understand the behavior of copper accelerator structures under extremely high RF fields. Such structures are being designed for future electron-positron linear colliders. Recent studies include field emission and breakdown experiments with an S-band slotted-disk structure, a single demountable S-band cavity and a short X-band structure which has not yet been tested. The demountable cavity was built specifically to examine the effects of copper quality, surface conditioning, gaseous exposures, and surface damage. Results to date and recent theoretical conjectures are discussed.

The cryostat of an SSC dipole magnet consists of all magnet components except the cold mass assembly. It serves to support the cold mass accurately and reliably within the vacuum vessel, provide all required cryogenic piping, and to insulate the cold mass from heat radiated and conducted from the environment. It must function reliably during storage, shipping and handling, normal magnet operation, quenches, and seismic excitations and must be manufacturable at low cost. The major components of the cryostat are the vacuum vessel, thermal shields, multilayer insulation (MLI) system, cryogenic piping, interconnections, and suspension system. The overall design of a cryostat for superconducting accelerator magnets requires consideration of fluid flow, proper selection of materials for their thermal and structural performance at both ambient and operating temperature, and knowledge of the environment to which the magnets will be subjected over the course their 25 year expected life. This paper describes the design of the current SSC collider dipole magnet cryostat and includes discussions on the thermal, structural, and dynamic considerations involved in the development of each of the major systems. 7 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.

This paper discusses work being conducted in High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics where theory and experiment go hand in hand. Pion capture, proton-antiproton interactions, kaon-pion interactions and hypernuclei decay are discussed as examples. (LSP)

Gamma hearing measurements have been made in a low-Z assembly irradiated with 14-MeV neutrons and (n,n{prime}) gammas produced by a Texas Nuclear Model 9400 neutron generator. The assembly is composed of 144 magnesium sleeves (5cm {times} 5cm {times} 60cm {times} 3 mm thick) filled with graphite to simulate a fusion blanket test module. Heating measurements were made in the mid-line of the assembly using a proportional counter operating in the Continuously-varied Bias-voltage Acquisition (CBA) mode. The neutron induced atomic recoil signal was rejected by observing the signal rise-time differences inherent to radiations of different LET. The experiment was modelled using the one-dimensional radiation transport code ANISN/PC. The operating limits of this technique were identified by comparing measurements made at different positions in the assembly and then comparing these measurements to the calculated flux. 7 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.

A new experimental apparatus for studying correlations between charged particles emitted in ion-atom collisions is described. The apparatus consists of two channelplate detectors, each equipped with position sensitive anodes. Time correlated events in both detectors provide information about correlated charged particle emission. Initial test studies of dissociative double ionization for H{sub 2} and N{sub 2} targets are reported here.

Two remotely controlled mill-type cutters have been used in the Fast Flux Test Facility Interim Examination and Maintenance Cell to assist in the disassembly of 18 fuel assemblies. These cutters slit the outer duct of the fuel assemblies, which allows the ducts to be removed and provides access to the encased fuel pins. The cutters were developed by Westinghouse Hanford Company and thoroughly tested by cutting prototypic ducts. During actual use, however, occasional loss of cutting depth control occurred. A discussion of the control problems and the operation and design techniques developed for their resolution is presented. 3 refs., 7 figs.

This paper reports continuing work on accelerator structures for future TeV linear colliders. These structures, in addition to having to operate at high gradients, must minimize the effects of wakefield modes which are induced by e{sup {plus minus}} bunch trains. Two types of modified disk-loaded waveguides are under investigation: damped structures in which the wakefield power is coupled out to lossy regions through radial slots in the disks and/or azimuthal rectangular waveguides, whereby the external Q of the undesirable HEM{sub 11} mode is lowered to values below 20, and detuned structures in which the frequencies of these modes are modified from one end to the other of each section by {approximately}10%, thereby scrambling their effects on the beam. Beam dynamics calculations indicate that these two approaches are roughly equivalent. MAFIA, ARGUS and URMEL codes have been used extensively in conjunction with low-power tests on S- and X-band models to identify mode patterns, dispersion curves and Q values, and to demonstrate damping or detuning of the HEM modes. Results of calculations and measurements on the various structures are presented and evaluated.