A general formulation consisting of constitutive and governing relations for saturated-unsaturated flow in deformable porous media is presented.

The relatively long lifetime of droplets in atmospheric haze and fog in comparison to similar droplets of pure water is attributed to the presence of a monolayer of surfactant film and to the accumulation of soluble salts from chemical reactions. The lifetime of these droplets is a significant factor in the evaluation of the role of heterogeneous aqueous chemical reactions occurring in the troposphere. A new formulation is given which includes both these processes. As an example, the catalytic oxidation of SO{sub 2} in the presence of liquid water droplets is investigated.

The monomeric, hydrocarbon-soluble monohydrides and monodeuterides of the actinide metals (thorium or uranium) of the type HM[N(SiMe{sub 3}){sub 2}]{sub 3} have been prepared. Their reaction chemistry, n-BuLi followed by MeBr yields MeM[N(SiMe{sub 3}){sub 2}]{sub 3} and borane in tetrahydrofuran yields BH{sub 4}M[N(SiMe{sub 3}){sub 2}]{sub 3}, suggests that the hydrogen atom is hydridic. Pyrolysis of the hydrides yields the novel, four-membered ring metallocycle, [(Me{sub 3}Si){sub 2}N]{sub 2} - MCH{sub 2}Si(Me){sub 2}NSiMe{sub 3} where M is Th or U. These metallocycles are the key intermediates in the hydrogen-deuterium exchange reaction that yields {[(CD{sub 3}){sub 3}Si]{sub 2}N}{sub 3}MD.

Methods used to obtain the evaluated prompt fisson neutron spectrum N(E) and the average prompt neutron multiplicity anti ..nu../sub p/ are reviewed. The relative influence of experimental data; interpolated, extrapolated, and fitted experimental data; systematics; and nuclear theory are considered for the cases where (a) abundant experimental data exist, (b) some experimental data exist, and (c) no experimental data exist. The Maxwellian and Watt distributions, and the determination of the parameters of these distributions by data fitting, are described and compared to recent new theoretical work on the calculation of N(E). Similarly, various expressions for anti ..gamma../sub p/ that have been obtained by data fitting and systematics are described and compared to recent new theoretical work. Complications in the evaluation of N(E) and anti ..gamma../sub p/ due to the onset of multiple-chance fission and the interrelationships between N(E), anti ..gamma delta../sub p/ and the multiple-chance fission cross section are discussed using the example of the fission of /sup 235/U. Some statistics and comments are given on the evaluations of N(E) and anti ..gamma../sub p/ contained in ENDF/B-V, and a number of concluding recommendations are made for future evaluation work.

Radiation damage can be a limiting effect on the usefulness of silicon detectors in high energy physics. Damage effects including resolution and leakage current degradation have been studied in two transmission mounted commercial surface barrier detectors placed near a production target at the AGS. Fast neutrons in the radiation field are suggested to be the major factor in producing increased leakage current and conversion to p-type base material. Both detectors experienced over 10/sup 14/ fast n/cm/sup 2/ and more than 10/sup 16/ thermal neutrons/cm/sup 2/ and exhibited severe hole trapping.

The atomic positions of the Rh(111) + ({radical}3 x {radical}3)R30{sup o} CO and CO{sub 2} surfaces are analyzed by dynamical LEED. The Rh(111) + ({radical}3 x {radical}3)R30{sup o} CO and CO{sub 2} systems produce identical I-V curves, confirming the dissociation of CO{sub 2} to CO on this surface. The adsorbed CO is found to stand perpendicular to the surface with the carbon end down at an atop site (that is, terminally bonded). The CO overlayer spacings are d{sub RhC} = 1.95 {+-} 0.1 {angstrom} and d{sub CD} = 1.07 {+-} 0.1 {angstrom}. This geometry yields a Zanazzi-Jona R-factor of 0.40 and a Pendry R-factor of 0.50.

With the help of interference effects, two-beam and multiple-beam spectroscopy detect in the pairs of beams (bundles of rays selected by the optical system) phase correlations due to certain fluctuations in optically thin distributions of incoherent light sources. Originally spatial resolution along the line of sight was expected for multiple-beam spectroscopy because of the limited region of intersection for pairs of beams. Here more general analysis shows another mechanism of spatial resolution allowing use of broader overlapping beams. Thus a simpler two-beam spectroscopy configuration (to be discussed in more detail elsewhere) capable of making more efficient use of emitted light proves to offer the same localized measurement of spatially harmonic fluctuations in the appropriate light source distributions.

The unique element of the HTGR system is the high-temperature operation and the need for heat exchanger equipment to transfer nuclear heat from the reactor to the process application. This paper discusses the potential applications of the HTGR in both synthetic fuel production and nuclear steel making and presents the design considerations for the high-temperature heat exchanger equipment.

Concentrations of /sup 239 + 240/Pu are reported in tissues of several species of reef and pelagic fish caught at 14 different atolls in the northern Marshall Islands. Several regularities that are species dependent are evident in the distribution of /sup 239 + 240/Pu among different body tissues. Concentrations in liver always exceeded those in bone and concentrations were lowest in the muscle of all fish analyzed. A progressive discrimination against /sup 239 + 240/Pu was observed at successive trophic levels at all atolls except Bikini and Enewetak, where it was difficult to conclude if any real difference exists between the average concentration factor for /sup 239 + 240/Pu among all fish, which include bottom feeding and grazing herbivores, bottom feeding carnivores, and pelagic carnivores from different atoll locations. The average concentration of /sup 239 + 240/Pu in the muscle of surgeonfish from Bikini and Enewetak was not significantly different from the average concentrations determined in these fish at the other, lesser contaminated atolls. Concentrations among all 3rd, 4th, and 5th trophic level species are highest at Bikini where higher environmental concentrations are found. The reasons for the anomalously low concentrations in herbivores from Bikini and Enewetak are not known.

Hardware design for laser fusion experimental machines has led to a combination of engineering technologies that are critical to the successful operation of these machines. These large opto-mechanical systems are dependent on extreme cleanliness, accommodation to efficient maintenance, and high stability. These three technologies are the primary mechanical engineering criteria for laser fusion devices.

The question of calculating differences in s- and p-wave radiation widths as a valid evaluation tool is explored. A purely statistical approach such as that provided by the Brink-Axel formula depends upon two factors: 1) an adequate description of the giant dipole resonance shape at energies well below the resonance, and 2) an adequate description of the level densities between the ground state and the excitation of the compound nucleus near the neutron separation energy. Some success has been obtained in certain regions of the periodic table with this simple approach, e.g., in the actinides where all nuclei exhibit similar rigid permanent deformations. However, if the method is to be used as a general evaluation procedure throughout the periodic table and particularly in regions where the radiative transition probabilities are enhanced by direct processes, it appears that much more nuclear structure information needs to be incorporated into the calculations.

The 1980 effort has been concentrated upon four major tasks: completion of the conceptual design of an ETF reactor compatible TF-coil employing helium bath cooled NbTi alloy conductor; procurement of conductor for the coil to be tested at the LLNL HFTF during FY 82; design of the test coil; and a series of relevant tests using the GA HFTF. The ETF TF-coil concept employs cabled NbTiTa/copper conductor, immersed in a helium bath subcooled to 2.5 K from a saturation temperature of 3 K. A saturated superfluid (He II) bath cooled option is also under consideration. Hoop, radial and circumferential bearing loads are borne by a multicomponent frame of stainless steel strips which surround the pancake (spiral) wound conductor. Magnetic Corporation of America is providing the 10 kA, three level, unsoldered, uninsulated Rutherford cable for the test coil. Meanwhile, at GA, a series of heat pulse/recovery tests are being performed upon samples of cabled conductor, at 2.5 - 3 K, and in the He II range. These tests will guide the test coil cryogenic design, and provide improved insight into results later obtained with that coil at Livermore. The 0.4 m I.D. x 1 m O.D. Test Coil has been designed. …

Various bichromatic coatings designed to operate at both 0.53 and 1.06 micrometers have been evaluated for spectral performance and laser damage threshold to determine the suitability of these coatings for 1 nanosecond pulse laser fusion experiments and to establish baseline data. Anti-reflection, partially transmitting high reflection, and maximum reflection coatings, consisting of titania and silica layers, were deposited onto BK-7 substrates. For each type of coating, two different designs were examined. Spectral measurements indicate the coatings met performance goals. Laser damage threshold values at 1.06 micrometers were similar to those of previous monochromatic production coatings, while damage levels at 0.53 micrometers were about one-half these 1.06 micrometer values.

Three topics are discussed. Measurement of the deuteron D state is addressed. Experimental and theoretical results for the asymptotic D- to S-state ratio of the deuteron wave function have converged to about 0.0260. This suggests that P sub D/ greater than or equal to 3.5%. The discussion on the three-nucleon system centered on the present state of agreement between experimental results and results calculated with the Faddeev equations. Polarization and analyzing power in the /sup 15/N(p,n)/sup 15/O reaction were considered. Rather large P-A differences were found in the region of 5 to 9 MeV. These differences can be nicely explained by microscopic shell-model calculations that include a noncentral nucleon-nucleon interaction and isospin mixing. 3 figures. (RWR)

This paper discusses the principles that have guided the development of a computerized diagnostic and control system for both the Neutral Beam Systems Test Facility at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and the Doublet III neutral beams at the General Atomic Company. The emphasis is not on the particular details of the implementation, but on general considerations which have influenced the design criteria for the system. Foremost among these are the requirements of an appropriate human interface to the system, and effective use of a relational data base. Examples are used to illustrate how these principles are carried out in practice. A systems view of diagnostic programs is suggested in the light of our experience.

In the attempt to achieve optimal recovery of petroleum from a reservoir, it is usually necessary to model numerically the fluid displacements within the reservoir. These displacements often involve the propagation of steep fronts, such as those between different fluids or between regions of differing chemical concentrations. Such fronts generally pose difficulty for numerical methods, the overcoming of which has stimulated the development of new methods in recent years. We discuss our recent work on one such method, the random choice method, which has the inherent capability of following even perfectly sharp fronts. The use of the method is illustrated for multi-dimensional, two-phase, immiscible porous flow, including the effects of capillary pressure and of gravity.

A dynamic phantom with broad applications in testing computer aided gamma camera imaging systems is directed. The phantom employs a rotating disk which may be used to carry a distribution of absorbers or of radioactive sources. The disk is directly driven by a variable speed DC motor with a coupled tachometer for servo-controlled speed regulation. Data are presented for a variety of absorber and source distributions, including simulated cardiac dynamics. The system can be used to validate hardware and software integrity including computer gating circuits, linearity of intensity response, edge detection, and ejection fraction calculations.

Extensive development will be required to achieve the 50- to 75-MW, 175- to 200-keV, 5- to 10-sec pulses of deuterium atoms envisioned for ETF and INTOR. Multi-megawatt injector systems are large (and expansive); they consist of large vacuum tanks with many square meters of cryogenic pumping panels, beam dumps capable of dissipating several megawatts of un-neutralized beam, bending magnets, electrical power systems capable of fast turnoff with low (capacity) stored energy, and, of course, the injector modules (ion sources and accelerators). The technology requirements associated with these components are described.

European Communities, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Japan, Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States on national policies and positions on seabed disposal are summarized. Task group reports on systems analysis, site assessment, canisters, waste forms, sediment and rocks, physical oceanography, and biology are presented. (DMC)

The heat transfer equation of an arc discharge has been solved. The arc is assumed to be a cylinder with negligible axial variation and the dominant heat transfer process is conduction radially inside the column and radiation/convection at the outside edge. The symmetric consideration allows a simple one-dimensional formulation. By taking into account proper variation of the electrical conductivity as function of temperature, the heat balance equation has been solved analytically. The radius of the arc and its current-field characteristics have also been obtained. The conventional results that E approx. I/sup 0/ /sup 5385/ and R approx. I/sup 0/ /sup 7693/ with E being the applied field, I the current, and R the radius of the cylindrical arc, have been proved to be simply limiting cases of our more general characteristics. The results can be applied quite widely including, among others, the neutral beam injection project in nuclear fusion and MHD energy conversion.

There is a trend towards the bringing together of various information technologies into integrated information systems. The managers of these total systems therefore must be familiar with each of the component technologies and how they may be combined into a total information system. To accomplish this, the effective manager should first define the overall system as an integrated flow of information with each step identified; then, the alternate technologies applicable to each step may be selected. Methods of becoming technologically aware are suggested and examples of integrated systems are discussed.

A superconducting racetrack dipole coil was constructed to compare directly training and quench behavior in potted and non-potted coils. The stored energy of this coil was 175 KJoules at the conductor's short sample limit of 238 Amp with a peak field on the coil of 7.6 Tesla. The outward magnetic forces were restrained by rows of tie rods between side plates. Comparisons of training behavior were made for both steel and aluminum tie rods. Helium flow was provided by channels in the fiberglass cable tape allowing 1/4 of the conductor direct access to the helium supply. After training the coil to 90% of short sample limit, the tie rods were relaxed and the entire coil was vacuum impregnated with a standard clear magnet epoxy. After potting, the previous tie rod preloads were re-established. This resulted in a much shallower training curve, and required retraining after thermal cycling. The unpotted coil showed no evidence of internal quench propagation below 80% short sample, whereas the potted coil exhibited good quench propagation and energy dissipation at all currents, simplifying protection strategies. Fully impregnated coils of this design are not practical for thermally cycled magnets designed to operate above 80% of short sample limit.

We have produced, over the past three years, three automated x-ray fluorescence based elemental analysis systems, that combine a minicomputer and a microcomputer to perform intricate sample and data manipulations. The mini-micro combination facilitates the reuse of sizable sections of hardware and programs for different x-ray analysis projects. Each of our systems has been a step closer to an optimum general solution. The combination reaps economic benefits throughout development, fabrication and maintenance, an important consideration for designers of custom-built, one-of-a-kind data analysis systems such as these.

A Ge(Li) ..gamma..-ray detector, housed in a lead cave, was used in conjunction with a six-liter pressurized (60 psia) well spectroscopy cell to selectively detect /sup 85/Kr stack emissions. This system was calibrated so as to relate the 514 keV ..gamma..-ray counting rate to /sup 85/Kr concentration. Counting rate, or concentration, was continuously recorded using a count rate meter/strip chart recorder combination and was also time averaged over 15 minute intervals using a programmable multi-channel analyzer system with cassette readout. Being completely automated, this ..gamma..-analysis system required little more than liquid nitrogen service and data record retrieval throughout a four-month long sampling period. The sensitivity of this ..gamma..-ray analytical system was such as to achieve a minimum detectable /sup 85/Kr stack concentration of 2 ..mu..Ci/m/sup 3/ for 15 minute counting intervals.