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Development of mild gasification process
Under a previous contract with Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC), Department of Energy (DOE) Contract No. AC21-84MC21108, UCC Research Corporation (UCCRC) built and tested a 1500 lb/day Mild Gasification Process Development Unit (MGU). The MGU, as tested under the previous contract, is shown in Figure 1. Testing completed under the previous contract showed that good quality hydrocarbon liquids and good quality char can be produced in the MGU. However, the MGU is not optimized. The primary objectives of the current project are to optimize the MGU and determine the suitability of char for several commercial applications. The program consists of four tasks; Task 1 -- Test Plan; Task 2 -- Optimization of Mild Gasification Process; Task 3 -- Evaluation of Char and Char/Coal Blends as a Boiler/Blast Furnace Fuel; and Task 4 -- Analysis of Data and Preparation of Final Report. Task 1 has been completed while work continued on Task 2.
Date:
July 1, 1988
Creator:
Chu, C. I. C. & Derting, T. M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Current generation by minority species heating
It is proposed that electric currents be generated from the preferential heating of ions traveling in one direction but with no net momentum injected into the system. This can be accomplished with, for example, traveling waves in a two-ion-species plasma. The current can be generated efficiently enough for the scheme to be of interest in maintaining steady-state toroidal currents in a reactor.
Date:
July 1, 1980
Creator:
Fisch, N. J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Basic research needs in seven energy-related technologies, conservation, conversion, transmission and storage, environmental fission, fossil, geothermal, and solar
This volume comprises seven studies performed by seven groups at seven national laboratories. The laboratories were selected because of their assigned lead roles in research pertaining to the respective technologies. Researches were requested to solicit views of other workers in the fields.
Date:
July 1, 1980
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
In-situ impurity measurements in PDX Edge plasma
The surface analysis station of PDX combines several surface analysis techniques (AES, XPS, SIMS) for in-situ measurement of impurity fluxes in the edge-plasma. The major impurities deposited on a sample surface during nondiverted PDX discharges are oxygen, titanium (limiter material) and chlorine. The impurity fluxes measured at different radial positions decreased by a factor of ten from the plasma edge to the wall. The sample surface collecting the impurity ions is located behind a circular aperture. The observed broadening of the deposition profile of Ti relative to the aperture diameter enables an estimate to be made of the ratio of charge state/energy of Ti ions in the edge plasma. Time-resolved analyses of the deposited impurities are presented which indicate that the time behavior for various impurities may be quite different for different impurity species. This aspect is discussed in relation to probable impurity release mechanisms.
Date:
July 1, 1980
Creator:
Staib, P.; Dylla, H.F. & Rossnagel, S.M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Predicted temperature/time histories resulting from the burial of nuclear waste canisters in bedded salt
This report provides computed thermal mappings for bedded salt surrounding canisters containing nuclear waste. This information can be used to study the possible migration of fluids within bedded salt under the influence of thermal gradients created by the heat-generating nuclear waste. The results presented were obtained from CINDA thermal models. Three different drift/canister configurations were modeled. The thermal conductivity of the salt was assumed to be temperature dependent while both the density and specific heat were assumed to be constant. Thermal power densities of 30, 75, and 150 kW/acre were examined with canister powers of 0.581 kW (51.6 canisters/acre), 3.5 kW (21.4 canisters/acre), and 3.5 kW (42.9 canisters/acre) at emplacement, respectively. These three cases resulted in maximum salt temperatures of 55/sup 0/C, 117/sup 0/C, and 176/sup 0/C, respectively; and maximum thermal gradients of -15/sup 0/C/m, -63/sup 0/C/m, and -101/sup 0/C/m, respectively. Computer-generated plots of temperature versus distance in horizontal planes at the top, midpoint, and bottom of the canister were made for several times after emplacement. Logarithmic or linear equations (whichever provided the better fit) were used to describe these curves. Derivatives of temperature with respect to distance were then taken and results of the form x(dT/dx) and dT/dx for …
Date:
July 1, 1980
Creator:
George, O.L. Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Effects of explosively venting aerosol-sized particles through earth-containment systems on the cloud-stabilization height
A method of approximating the cloud stabilization height for aerosol-sized particles vented explosively through earth containment systems is presented. The calculated values for stabilization heights are in fair agreement with those obtained experimentally.
Date:
July 1, 1980
Creator:
Dyckes, G.W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Model validation and sensitivity analysis of solar collector loops. Final technical report
The experimental solar collector systems at Middlebury College have been modified to permit short time resolution studies of solar collector loop performance. A variety of experiments have been performed to measure the following system properties: (a) collector efficiency, (b) collector response to step changes in insolation, (c) collector response to the introduction of cold inlet water, and (d) pump cycling as a function of control sensor location and set points. Data from these experiments have been supplied to the solar group at Drexel for validation of their analytical collector loop model.
Date:
July 30, 1980
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
DOE Site-Specific Threat Assessment
A facility manager faced with the challenges of protecting a nuclear facility against potential threats must consider the likelihood and consequences of such threats, know the capabilities of the facility safeguards and security systems, and make informed decisions about the cost-effectivness of safeguards and security upgrades. To help meet these challenges, the San Francisco Operations Office of the Department of Energy, in conjunction with the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, has developed a site-specific threat assessment approach and a quantitative model to improve the quality and consistency of site-specific threat assessment and resultant security upgrade decisions at sensitive Department of Energy facilities. 5 figs.
Date:
July 12, 1985
Creator:
West, D. J.; Al-Ayat, R. A. & Judd, B. R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Numerical analysis of laminar forced convection in a spherical annulus
Calculations of steady laminar incompressible fluid-flow and heat transfer in a spherical annulus are presented. Steady pressures, temperatures, velocities, and heat transfer coefficients are calculated for an insulated outer sphere and a 0/sup 0/C isothermal inner sphere with 50/sup 0/C heated water flowing in the annulus. The inner sphere radius is 13.97 cm, the outer sphere radius is 16.83 cm and the radius ratio is 1.2. The transient axisymmetric equations of heat, mass, and momentum conservation are solved numerically in spherical coordinates. The transient solution is carried out in time until steady state is achieved. A variable mesh is used to improve resolution near the inner sphere where temperature and velocity gradients are steep. It is believed that this is the first fully two-dimensional analysis of forced flow in a spherical annulus. Local and bulk Nusselt numbers are presented for Reynolds numbers from 4.4 to 440. Computed bulk Nusselt numbers ranged from 2 to 50 and are compared to experimental results from the literature. Inlet flow jetting off the inner sphere and flow separation are predicted by the analysis. The location of wall jet separation was found to be a function of Reynolds number, indicating the location of separation depends …
Date:
July 21, 1980
Creator:
Tuft, D.B.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Highlights of the heavy ion fusion symposium
The current status and prospects for inertial confinement fusion based on the use of intense beams of heavy ions will be described in the light of results presented at the International Symposium on Heavy Ion Fusion, (Washington, DC, May 27-29, 1986).
Date:
July 1, 1986
Creator:
Keefe, D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Operational, control and protective system transient analyses of the closed-cycle GT-HTGR power plant
This paper presents a description of the analyses of the control/protective system preliminary designs for the gas turbine high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (GT-HTGR) power plant. The control system is designed to regulate reactor power, control electric load and turbine speed, control the temperature of the helium delivered to the turbines, and control thermal transients experienced by the system components. In addition, it provides the required control programming for startup, shutdown, load ramp, and other expected operations. The control system also handles conditions imposed on the system during upset and emergency conditions such as loop trip, reactor trip, or electrical load rejection.
Date:
July 1, 1980
Creator:
Openshaw, F.L. & Chan, T.W.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Combined shift and methanation in a fluidized-bed reactor. Quarterly progress report, 1 April-30 June 1980
Only one bench-scale reactor test was completed. The Harshaw Ni/Cu/Mo and UCI (composition undisclosed) catalysts were evaluated over a 12-day period at 800 F and a feed gas H/sub 2//CO ratio of 2/1. Initial conversions with both catalysts were about 33 percent; and the activities of both samples declined steadily during the test, with final conversion values in the 15 to 20 percent range. During this test, problems were experienced with water carryover into the Drierite traps, necessitating some major design changes in the water letdown system. Two subsequent attempts to initiate a second test at 950 F with these catalysts were unsuccessful for the reasons given. A 5-day PEDU test (Test SM-2) was conducted using the spent Harshaw Ni/Cu/Mo catalyst from Test SM-1 in February. The purpose was to continue the data period at H/sub 2//CO = 1/1 that was terminated prematurely during the earlier PEDU test. After a brief baseline period (H/sub 2//CO = 3/1), during which catalyst activity appeared to be normal, the feed gas was changed to approximately 31 percent H/sub 2/, 31 percent CO, 22 percent CO/sub 2/, and 16 percent CH/sub 4/; and steam was added to the feed. Some difficulty was experienced in …
Date:
July 1, 1980
Creator:
Streeter, R C
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Enloe Dam Passage Project, Volume II, Appendices, 1984 Annual Report.
This report contains the following appendices: (1) correspondence and minutes of meetings; (2) Similkameen River system summer creel survey; (3) disease analysis; (4) water quality tables; (5) Boundary Waters Treaty; and (6) other NEPA information. (ACR)
Date:
July 1, 1985
Creator:
Fanning, M.L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
D7H-test results
Data were reduced from the voltage-time relations stored in files D7H001 to D7H090 on HP1000. The I-B calibration curve is included. The data base is shown and can be used by the 9845B. The data include the quench location, Q/sub 2/ layer 1 top, Q/sub 3/ layer 1 bottom and the quench current and its normalized value with respect to short sample, I/sub c/ = 4920A at 4.4 K, I/sub c/ = 6710 A at 1.8 K. The resistance (..cap omega../cm) was calculated using the propagation time according to the voltage change across the measured sections. The conductor potential length are L/sub 5/ /sub 9/ = 48.6 cm, L/sub 6/ /sub 10/ = 17.9 cm, L/sub 7/ /sub 11/ = 40.6 cm. The turn to turn velocity V/sub t/ was calculated dividing the nominal turn to turn distance (58 mil) by the propagation time (Trans. Time). The quench time T/sub q/ was measured from the time the resistive rise starts until the energy extraction system fires.
Date:
July 30, 1982
Creator:
Caspi, S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Borehole-inclusion stressmeter measurements in bedded salt
Sandia purchased borehole-inclusion stressmeters from a commercial supplier to measure in situ stress changes in bedded salt. However, the supplied stressmeters were difficult to set in place and gave erratic results in bedded salt. These problems were overcome with a new extended platen design. Also a straingaged transducer was designed which can be read with a conventional data logger. Due to the nonlinear behavior of bedded salt under uniaxial loading, a new empirical calibration scheme was devised. In essence, the stressmeters are calibrated as force transducers and this calibration curve is then used to determine the relationship between uniaxial stress changes in bedded salt and the gage's output. The stressmeter and calibration procedures have been applied under mine conditions and produced viable results. Future work will involve finite element analysis to calculate the observed behavior of the stressmeters. The response of the stressmeters in bedded salt is neither that of a true stressmeter or of a true strainmeter. However, repeatable calibrations make the gages very useful.
Date:
July 1, 1980
Creator:
Cook, C.W. & Ames, E.S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Quarterly report on the strontium heat source development program, Advanced Nuclear Systems and Projects Division for April-June 1980
Oak Ridge National Laboratory completed metallographic examination of the metal specimens from the 30,000-h compatibility tests with /sup 90/SrF/sub 2/. Electron microprobe analysis of the specimens is now under way. Results show that chemical attack of the 30,000-h specimens was not much greater than that observed in the 6000- to 20,000-h tests. Work continues on qualification testing of the as-fabricated prototype outer capsules. As-fabricated Hastelloy S and Hastelloy C-4 outer capsules passed the hydrostatic pressure, percussion, thermal, and thermal-quench tests without difficulty.
Date:
July 1, 1980
Creator:
Fullam, H. T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Stimulation model for lenticular sands: Volume 2, Users manual
This User's Manual contains information for four fracture/proppant models. TUPROP1 contains a Geertsma and de Klerk type fracture model. The section of the program utilizing the proppant fracture geometry data from the pseudo three-dimensional highly elongated fracture model is called TUPROPC. The analogous proppant section of the program that was modified to accept fracture shape data from SA3DFRAC is called TUPROPS. TUPROPS also includes fracture closure. Finally there is the penny fracture and its proppant model, PENNPROP. In the first three chapters, the proppant sections are based on the same theory for determining the proppant distribution but have modifications to support variable height fractures and modifications to accept fracture geometry from three different fracture models. Thus, information about each proppant model in the User's Manual builds on information supplied in the previous chapter. The exception to the development of combined treatment models is the penny fracture and its proppant model. In this case, a completely new proppant model was developed. A description of how to use the combined treatment model for the penny fracture is contained in Chapter 4. 2 refs.
Date:
July 1, 1987
Creator:
Rybicki, E.F.; Luiskutty, C.T.; Sutrick, J.S.; Palmer, I.D.; Shah, G.H. & Tomutsa, L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Assessment of solar options for small power systems applications. Volume IV. Comparative ranking of concepts
A comparative analysis of solar thermal conversion concepts that are potentially suitable for development as small electric power systems (1 to 10 MWe) is presented. Cogeneration and total energy systems were beyond the scope of this study. Seven generic type of collectors, together with associated subsystems for electric power generation, were considered. The collectors can be classified into three categories: (1) two-axis tracking (with compound-curvature reflecting surfaces); (2) one-axis tracking (with single-curvature reflecting surfaces; and (3) nontracking (with low-concentration reflecting surfaces). All seven collectors were analyzed in conceptual system configurations with Rankine-cycle engines. In addition, two of the collectors (the Point Focus Central Receiver and the Point Focus Distributed Receiver) were analyzed with Brayton-cycle engines, and the latter of the two also was analyzed with Stirling-cycle engines. With these engine options, 10 systems were formulated for analysis. This is the fourth volume of a five-volume report on the work performed to analyze the alternative concepts, and the results obtained. Included in this volume are descriptions of the methodology used with, and concept ranks obtained from, potential users and R and D fund allocators.
Date:
July 1, 1980
Creator:
Currie, J.W. & Jannol, M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Semiconductor chip processing. Final report
The processes necessary to assemble metal-oxide semiconductor devices in hermetic ceramic packages were developed. The assembly techniques developed were gold-silicon die attachment, 25.4-..mu..m aluminum wire interconnection, and gold-tin cover attachment.
Date:
July 1, 1980
Creator:
Grimm, A.V.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Liquid-metal embrittlement of refractory metals by molten plutonium
Embrittlement by molten plutonium of the refractory metals and alloys W-25 wt % Re, tantalum, molybdenum, and Ta-10 wt % W was studied. At 900/sup 0/C and a strain rate of 10/sup -4/ s/sup -1/, the materials tested may be ranked in order of decreasing susceptibility to liquid-plutonium embrittlement as follows: molybdenum, W-25 wt % Re, Ta-10 wt % W, and tantalum. These materials exhibited a wide range in susceptibility. Embrittlement was found to exhibit a high degree of temperature and strain-rate dependence, and we present arguments that strongly support a stress-assisted, intergranular, liquid-metal corrosion mechanism. We also believe microstructure plays a key role in the extent of embrittlement. In the case of W-25 wt % Re, we have determined that a dealloying corrosion takes place in which rhenium is selectively withdrawn from the alloy.
Date:
July 1, 1980
Creator:
Lesuer, D. R.; Bergin, J. B.; McInturff, S. A. & Kuhn, B. A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Double-mode pulsation
Double mode pulsation is a very pervasive phenomenon in stars all over the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. In order of increasing radius, examples are: ZZ Ceti stars, the sun, the delta Scuti stars, RR Lyrae variables, the ..beta.. Cephei variables and those related to them, Cepheids, and maybe even the Mira stars. These many modes have been interpreted as both radial and nonradial modes, but in many cases the actual mode has not been clearly identified. Yellow giants seem to be the most simple pulsators with a large majority of the RR Lyrae variables and Cepheids showing only one pulsation period. We limit this review to those very few cases for classical Cepheids and RR Lyrae variables which display two modes. For these we know many facts about these stars, but the actual cause of the pulsation in two modes simultaneously remains unknown.
Date:
July 30, 1982
Creator:
Cox, A. N.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Systems analysis techniques for annual cycle thermal energy storage solar systems
Community-scale annual cycle thermal energy storage (ACTES) solar systems are promising options for building heat and cooling. A variety of approaches are feasible in modeling ACTES solar systems. The key parameter in such efforts, average collector efficiency, is first examined, followed by several approaches for simple and effective modeling. Methods are also examined for modeling building loads for structures based on both conventional and passive architectural designs. Two simulation models for sizing solar heating systems with annual storage are presented next. Validation is presented by comparison with the results of a study of seasonal storage systems based on SOLANSIM, an hour-by-hour simulation. These models are presently being used to examine the economic trade-off between collector field area and storage capacity. Finally, programs in the US Department of Energy directed toward developing either other system components such as improved tanks and solar ponds or design tools for ACTES solar systems are examined.
Date:
July 1, 1980
Creator:
Baylin, F. & Sillman, S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Problem of long-range forces in the computer simulation of condensed media
Simulation (both Monte Carlo and molecular dynamical) has become a powerful tool in the study of classical systems of particles interacting with short-range pair potentials. For systems involving long-range forces (e.g., Coulombic, dipolar, hydrodynamic) it is a different story. Relating infinite-system properties to the results of computer simulation involving relatively small numbers of particles, periodically replicated, raises difficult and challenging problems. The purpose of the workshop was to bring together a group of scientists, all of whom share a strong direct interest in clearly formulating and resolving these problems. There were 46 participants, most of whom have been actively engaged in simulations of Hamiltonian models of condensed media. A few participants were scientists who are not primarily concerned, themselves, with simulation, but who are deeply involved in the theory of such models.
Date:
July 1, 1980
Creator:
Ceperely, D. (ed.)
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Disruption model
Calculations of disruption time and energy dissipation have been obtained by simulating the plasma as an electrical conducting loop that varies in resistivity, current density, major radius. The calculations provide results which are in good agreement with experimental observations. It is believed that this approach allows engineering designs for disruptions to be completed in large tokamaks such as INTOR or FED.
Date:
July 1, 1982
Creator:
Murray, J. G. & Bronner, G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library