Microstructures and textures which develop during cold deformation are compared to those which develop during hot deformation. This comparison is made using the evolutionary framework of grain subdivision and the formation of low energy dislocation structures. During deformation grains are subdivided into differently deforming regions separated by geometrically necessary dislocation boundaries. These boundaries include dense dislocation walls, microbands, lamellar boundaries and subgrains. Grain subdivision occurs as a result of the requirement for strain accommodation balanced by energy considerations. This grain subdivision weakens the texture and increases the texture scatter. The tendency for grain subdivision decreases with increasing temperature of deformation with implications for the microstructural evolution and the texture formation.

The situation in solar neutrino physics has changed drastically in the past few years, so that now there are four neutrino experiments in operation, using different methods to look at different regions of the solar neutrino energy spectrum. These experiments are the radiochemical {sup 37}Cl Homestake detector, the realtime Kamiokande detector, and the different forms of radiochemical {sup 71}Ga detectors used in the GALLEX and SAGE projects. It is noteworthy that all of these experiments report a deficit of observed neutrinos relative to the predictions of standard solar models (although in the case of the gallium detectors, the statistical errors are still relatively large). This paper reviews the basic principles of operation of these neutrino detectors, reports their latest results and discusses some theoretical interpretations. The progress of three realtime neutrino detectors that are currently under construction, SuperKamiok, SNO and Borexino, is also discussed.

Lithium aluminate is an attractive material (in terms of its chemical, mechanical and irradiation properties) for breeding tritium in fusion reactors; however, its tritium release characteristics are not as good as those of other candidate materials. To investigate whether tritium release from lithium aluminate can be improved, we have studied the tritium release from irradiated samples of pure lithium aluminate, lithium aluminate doped with Mg, and lithium aluminate with a surface deposit of platinum. The release was studied by the temperature programmed desorption (TPD) method. Both the platinum coating and magnesium doping were found to improve the tritium release characteristics, as determined by TPD. Tritium release shifted to states with lower activation energies for the altered materials.

The primary objective of this work is the development of a comprehensive numerical model describing the time evolution of fouling under realistic heat exchanger conditions. As fouling is a complex interaction of gas flow, mineral transport and adhesion mechanisms, understanding and subsequently improved controlling of fouling achieved via appropriate manipulation of the various coupled, nonlinear processes in a complex fluid mechanics environment will undoubtedly help reduce the substantial operating costs incurred by the utilities annually, as well as afford greater flexibility in coal selection and reduce the emission of various pollutants. In a more specialized context, the numerical model to be developed as part of this activity will be used as a tool to address the interaction of the various mechanisms controlling deposit development in specific regimes or correlative relationships. These should prove of direct use to the coal burning industry.

The object of the proposed research program is a unified theoretical approach to the description of a variety of physico-chemical hydrodynamic systems characterized by a significant disparity between the spatial scales involved. By appropriately performed averaging over short scales, one may considerably simplify the original problem, sometimes even lowering its effective dimensionality, and thereby making the latter quite tractable either analytically or numerically. Specifically, the author plans to study: (1) the hydrodynamic aspects of flameholding and flammability in premixed gas flames, (2) large-scale structures in Rayleigh-Benard-Marangoni convection in nonreactive and reactive liquid layers, (3) nonlinear dynamics of interfacial instabilities dominated by viscosity effects, and (4) negative viscosity effects and formation of large-scale structures in liquid layers driven at small scales.

Advances in theory and computations related to the reversed field pinch (RFP) are presented. These are: (1) the effect of the dynamo on thermal transport; (2) a theory of ion heating due to dynamo fluctuations; (3) studies of active and passive feedback schemes for controlling dynamo fluctuations; and (4) an analytic model for coupled g-mode and rippling turbulence in the RFP edge.

In 1996, the Savannah River Site plans to begin operation of the Consolidated Incineration Facility (CIF) to treat solid and liquid RCRA hazardous and mixed wastes. The Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC) leads an extensive technical support program designed to obtain incinerator and air pollution control equipment performance data to support facility start-up and operation. Key components of this technical support program include recently completed waste burn tests at both EPA`s Incineration Research Facility and at Energy and Environmental Research Corporation`s Solid Waste Incineration Test Facility. The main objectives for these tests were determining the fate of heavy metals, measuring organics destruction and removal efficiencies, and quantifying incinerator offgas particulate loading and size distribution as a function of waste feed characteristics and incineration conditions. In addition to these waste burning tests, the SRTC has recently completed installations of the Offgas Components Test Facility (OCTF), a 1/10 scale CIF offgas system pilot plant. This pilot facility will be used to demonstrate system operability and maintainability, evaluate and optimize equipment and instrument performance, and provide direct CIF start-up support. Technical support programs of this type are needed to resolve technical issues related with treatment and disposal of combustible hazardous, mixed, and low-level …

The flat panel display development activities underway at Sandia National Laboratories are described. Research is being conducted in the areas of glass substrates, phosphors, large area processes, and electron emissions. Projects are focused on improving process yield, developing large area processes, and using modeling techniques to predict design performance.

In this project, the ISGS is investigating the pelletization of fine coal with calcium hydroxide, a sulfur-capturing sorbent. The objective is to produce a readily-transportable fuel which will burn in compliance with the recently passed Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA). To improve the economics of pelletizing, carbonation, or, the reaction of carbon dioxide with calcium hydroxide, which produces a binding matrix of calcium carbonate, is being investigated as a method of hardening pelletized coal fines. This year, pellets were produced from 28 {times} 0 coal fines collected from an Illinois preparation plant using a laboratory version of a California Pellet Mill (CPM), a commercially available pellet machine. The CPM effectively pelletized coal fines at the moisture content they were dewatered to at the plant. Carbonation nearly doubled the strength of pellets containing 10 wt % calcium hydroxide. Other results from this year`s work indicate that inclusion of calcium hydroxide into pellets resulted in chlorine capture of approximately 20 wt % for combustion tests conducted at both 850 and 1100{degrees}C. Arsenic emissions were reduced from near 38 wt% at 850 C to essentially nil with inclusion of 10 wt % calcium hydroxide into the pellets. At 110{degrees}C, arsenic emissions were reduced …

The progress that has been made during this fiscal year is significant in the area of tokamak edge plasma transport. Important contributions on the extension of the drift-rippling mode model ({approximately} {tau}, {approximately}n, {approximately}T, {approximately}{nu}{sub {parallel}}) of edge turbulent transport. In particular, the research areas on which we have concentrated include the following topics: (1) The theoretical investigation of the radiatively enhanced transport due to the effects of impurity driven radiation instabilities has been expanded to include a situation with multiple impurities (such as carbon, C{sup 4+}, and oxygen, O{sup 6+}); (2) In order to validate the use of the impurity radiation input from the tokamak bolometer experiments in our theoretical edge turbulent transport calculations, the analysis that is utilized to transform impurity brightness data to radiated power profiles has been checked for state population and Abel inversion correctness; (3) The drift-rippling model of edge turbulent transport has been extended to include ionization particle sources in addition to the impurity driven thermal instability drive; and (4) The detailed limiter and realistic edge geometric effects on the edge turbulent transport has been included in the drift-rippling model.

This report contains highlights of accomplishments of the past year, for the University of California, Irvine and the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee collaboration on surface excitations, and their interactions with low energy electrons. In addition, we present a summary of future research to be carried out in the coming grant year.

This past year our group participated in both the D0 experiment at Fermilab and the SDC experiment at the SSC. Most of our effort was concentrated on the D0 project, where we contributed as much manpower as possible to the commissioning of the detector in preparation for the coming collider run. Our SDC work consisted of the investigation of one of the candidate technologies for the forward calorimeter. On the D0 experiment, our primary responsibilities have been in the areas of electronics commissioning and in the establishment of triggers for the coming collider run. We have also actively participated in the physics studies and have contributed to the upgrade effort as much as time has permitted. Our group has also participated in the cosmic ray run and in the D0 test beam. In view of our contributions, James White was selected as a member of the D0 Trigger board, and Jay Wightman is being trained as one of the ``global experts`` who are responsible for keeping the detector operational during the run. In addition, Amber Boehnlein has played a major role in the Level-2 trigger commissioning. A more detailed description of these activities is given in this paper.

The magnetic properties of EuAs{sub 3} have been investigated by X-ray magnetic scattering with synchrotron radiation. No magnetic scattering could be detected in EuAs{sub 3} when the energy of X-rays was far away from the L absorption edges. Strong enhancement of magnetic intensities have been observed at the L{sub II} and L{sub III} absorption edges whereas no magnetic intensities could be detected at the L{sub I} absorption edge. The resonance enhancement at the L{sub III} absorption edge is stronger by a factor of about three compared to that the L{sub II} absorption edge. The magnetic properties of EuAs{sub 3} determined previously by neutron scattering could be reproduced by resonance X-ray scattering.

Polymeric silica sols were used to prepare membranes on commercial {gamma}-A1{sub 2}O{sub 3} supports. Aging of the silica sols was shown to be effective to form discrete membrane layers. He/N{sub 2} selectivity factors exceeding ideal Knudsen values were observed when the sols were prepared under conditions in which the condensation rate was minimized. It is proposed that the average pore size of the membrane depends on the balance of capillary pressure and modulus during membrane deposition and that the breadth of the pore size distribution might be influenced by the extent of condensation accompanying membrane deposition. The use of organic templates may allow independent control of pore size, pore shape, and pore volume. The membranes are to be used in processing natural gas (gas separation/purification).

Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8+x} (2212) was synthesized from freeze-dried precursors. The oxygen content of 2212 was determined as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure and the variation of Tc with oxygen content was determined. It was found that 2212 without excess oxygen (x = 0) is superconducting. This points to the role of the (Bi-O){sub {infinity}} layers as a source for holes in 2212. Four probe resistivity measurements were also performed on 2212. The nature of oxygen intercalation and oxygen removal in 2212 was studied by thermogravimetry and resistivity. It was also found that samples of 2212 with the same oxygen content had different {Tc}`s depending on thermal history. This difference in {Tc} is thought to arise from oxygen occupying different sites in the lattice while maintaining the same total oxygen content.

The 1990--1991 heating season was the first time in Maine that the Home Heating Fuels Survey was conducted for the United States Department of Energy by the Maine State Planning Office. This season also marked the first time that dealers were surveyed for a price for propane. Under a late agreement, the State of Maine was picked up by the regional survey of the Energy Information Agency in the beginning of October. This accounted for the weekly survey of the traditional participants in the State`s Home Heating Fuels Price Survey being supplemented by biweekly DOE surveys of separate survey samples of oil and propane dealers. The SPO sample identifies 36 dealers in the State of Maine, while the DOE sample was constructed around 22 oil dealers in Maine and New Hampshire and 29 propane dealers in Maine.

When grown in the absence of light, the det1 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana develop characteristics of light-grown plants by morphological, cellular, and molecular criteria. Further, in light-grown plants, mutations in the DET1 gene affect cell-type-specific expression of light-regulated genes and the chloroplast developmental program. Here we show that the addition of exogenously added cytokinins (either 2-isopentenyl adenine, kinetin, or benzyladenine) to the growth medium of dark-germinated wild-type seedlings results in seedlings that resemble det1 mutants, instead of having the normal etiolated morphology. Like det1 mutants, these dark-grown seedlings now contain chloroplasts and have high levels of expression of genes that are normally ``light``-regulated. These results suggest an important role for cytokinins during greening of Arabidopsis, and may implicate cytokinin levels or an increased sensitivity to cytokinins as explanations for some of the observed phenotypes of det1 mutants.

The tunability and the polarization of synchrotron radiation open upon new possibilities for the study of magnetism. Studies on magnetic materials performed at the National Synchrotron Light Source are reviewed, and thy fall into four areas: structure, evolution of magnetic order, separation of L and S, and resonance effects. In the vicinity of atomic absorption edges, the Faraday effect, magnetic circular dichroism, and resonant magnetic scattering are all related resonance effects which measure the spin polarized density of states. The production and analysis of polarized beams are discussed in the context of the study of magnetism with synchrotron radiation.

This study investigates the stability of metastable Si{sub 1{minus}y}C{sub y}/Si heterostructures during rapid thermal annealing (RTA) over a temperature range of 1,000--1,150 C. Heterostructures of Si{sub 1{minus}y}C{sub y}/Si and Si{sub 1{minus}x{minus}y}Ge{sub x}C{sub y}/Si (x {equals} 0.77, Y {<=} .0014) were formed by solid phase epitaxy from C implanted, preamorphized substrates using a 30 minute 700 C anneal in N{sub 2}. The occupancy of C in substitution lattice sites was monitored by Fourier Transform Infrared Absorption spectroscopy. The layer strain was monitored by rocking curve X-ray diffraction and the structural changes in the layers were determined using plan-view and X-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For anneals of 1,150 C or above, all the substitutional C was lost from the Si lattice after 30 seconds. TEM verified that the strain relaxation was the result of C precipitating into highly aligned {beta}SiC particles rather than by the formation of extended defects. No nucleation barrier was observed for the loss of substitutional C. Preliminary results will also be discussed for Si{sub 1{minus}x{minus}y}Ge{sub x}C{sub y}/Si heterostructures where there is the additional factor of the competition between strain energy and the chemical driving forces.

It is the goal of this research to provide the technical basis for development of a process to remove chlorine from coal prior to combustion, based on a thermal treatment process. Under the reaction conditions employed, the behavior of other trace elements of concern will also be evaluated. The recovery of the chlorine removed from the coal as a marketable byproduct, calcium chloride suitable for use as a road deicer, is also being investigated using a novel absorption/crystallization device. This report presents chlorine removal and energy balances obtained on a series of runs performed at 385{degrees}C, and information on the purity of calcium chloride produced by neutralization of the hydrogen chloride trapped in the absorber. The importance of subjecting the coal to a preheating period before exposure for a few minutes at higher temperature has been verified. Chlorine removal of approximately 84% with about 90% energy recovery in the treated coal has been attained. Calcium chloride of nearly 50% purity has been produced from the absorber solution of the tube furnace. When the bench scale dechlorination unit is complete, the larger quantities of by-product calcium chloride produced should permit upgrading the product by recrystallization.

This document is the Management Plan for US DOE contract entitled, {open_quotes}Demonstration, Testing and Evaluation of In Situ Soil Heating,{close_quotes} Contract No. DE-AC05-93OR22160, IITRI Project No. C06787. In this project IITRI will demonstrate an in situ soil heating technology for the removal of hazardous organic contaminants present in the soil. In situ heating will be accomplished by the application of 60 Hz ac power to the soil. The soil will be heated to a temperature of about 90{degrees}C. This technology is suited for the removal of those organic compounds which have a normal boiling point in the range of 100{degrees} to 210{degrees}C, or else for those which exhibit a pure component vapor pressure of at least 10 mm Hg in the 90{degrees} to 100{degrees}C temperature range. For example, perchloroethylene, dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, etc. may be removed by in situ ac heating. It is planned to demonstrate the technology by heating approximately 400 tons of soil in the K-1070 Classified Burial Ground located at DOE`s K-25 Site located in Oak Ridge, TN. It is estimated that the heating portion of the demonstration will take approximately 3 weeks at an average power input rate of 150 to 175 kW. IITRI expects to spend …

The Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan (FRERP) can provide several emergency response resources in response to a nuclear power plant (NPP) accident if requested by a state or local agency. The primary FRERP technical resources come from the US Department of Energy`s (DOE) Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center (FRMAC). Most of the FRMAC assets are located at the DOE Remote Sensing Laboratory (RSL) at Nellis Air Force Base, Las Vegas, Nevada. In addition, the primary atmospheric dispersion modeling and dose assessment asset, the Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability (ARAC) is located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in Livermore, California. In the early stages of a response, ARAC relies on its automatic worldwide meteorological data acquisition via the Air Force Global Weather Center (AFGWC). The regional airport data are supplemented with data from on-site towers and sodars and the National Oceanographic & Atmospheric Administration`s (NOAA) field-deployable real-time rawinsonde system. ARAC is prepared with three-dimensional regional-scale diagnostic dispersion model to simulate the complex mixed fission product release from a reactor accident. The program has been operational for 18 years and is presently developing its third generation system. The current modernization includes faster central computers, a new site workstation system. The current …

The Electrochemical Technology Program at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) provides technical and programmatic support to DOE`s Electric and Hybrid Propulsion Division (DOE-EBP). The goal of DOE-EHP is to advance promising EV propulsion technologies to levels where industry will continue their commercial development and thereby significantly reduce petroleum consumption in the transportation sector of the US economy. In support of this goal, ANL provides research, development, testing/evaluation, post-test analysis, modeling, database management, and technical management of industrial R&D contracts on advanced battery and fuel cell technologies for DOE-EBP. This report summarizes the objectives, background, technical progress, and status of ANL electric vehicle battery R&D tasks for DOE-EHP during the period of October 1, 1990 through December 31, 1990. The work is organized into the following six task areas: 1.0 Project Management; 3.0 Battery Systems Technology; 4.0 Lithium/Sulfide Batteries; 5.0 Advanced Sodium/Metal Chloride Battery; 6.0 Aqueous Batteries; 7.0 EV Battery Performance/Life Evaluation.

This report provides a brief overview of the Workshop on Structure of the Eukaryotic Genome and Regulation of its Expression held in Tbilisi, Georgia, USSR. The report describes the presentations made at the meeting but also goes on to describe the state of molecular biology and genetics research in the Soviet Union and makes recommendations on how to improve future such meetings.