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Comet 81P/Wild 2's serendipitous orbit change to the inner solar system in 1974 offered researchers a rare opportunity to sample cometary material from the Kuiper belt, a repository of material left over from solar system formation {approx}4.6 Gyr ago. NASA's Stardust mission intercepted the comet in January 2004 and returned with material collected from its tail in January 2006. The cometary material, consisting of particles ranging from 10 microns down to <2 nm, was collected in aerogel, a very low density ({approx}3 mg/cm cm3) silica foam, to minimize the effects of deceleration from 6.1 km/s. The entire deceleration track is extracted from the aerogel block as a pyramidal shape known as a keystone which can be mapped using x-ray fluorescence prior to extraction of terminal or intermediate particles for other analyses. One goal of the track mapping is to determine the bulk composition of the cometary material returned. Unfortunately, although the aerogel is predominantly SiO{sub 2}, there are sufficient quantities of trace elements similar to those expected in the cometary material to require sophisticated discrimination techniques in order to decide whether a fluorescence map pixel contains only aerogel or both aerogel and cometary material. We have developed a dual threshold …

The U.S. government has {approx}500,000 metric tons (MT) of surplus depleted uranium (DU) in various chemical forms stored at U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sites across the United States. This DU, most of which is DU hexafluoride (DUF{sub 6}) resulting from uranium enrichment operations, is the largest amount of nuclear material in DOE's inventory. On July 6, 1999, DOE issued the ''Final Plan for the Conversion of Depleted Uranium Hexafluoride as required by Public Law 105-204'', in which DOE committed to develop a ''Depleted Uranium Hexafluoride Materials Use Roadmap'' in order to establish a strategy for the products resulting from conversion of DUF{sub 6} to a stable form. This report meets the commitment in the Final Plan by providing a comprehensive roadmap that DOE will use to guide any future research and development activities for the materials associated with its DUF{sub 6} inventory. The Roadmap supports the decision presented in the ''Record of Decision for Long-Term Management and Use of Depleted Uranium Hexafluoride'', namely to begin conversion of the DUF{sub 6} inventory as soon as possible, either to uranium oxide, uranium metal, or a combination of both, while allowing for future uses of as much of this inventory as possible. …

Two approaches to lithium isotope separation have been followed in this research and are described and compared. One is electrolysis in non-aqueous systems at high cathode efficiency. The other is electrolysis in aqueous systems with anode depolarizers.

This taxonomic key was devised to support development of a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol using ants at the Savannah River Site. The emphasis is on 'rapid' and, because the available keys contained a very large number of genera not known to occur at the Savannah River Site, we found that the available keys were unwieldy. Because these keys contained many more genera than we would ever encounter and because this larger number of genera required more couplets in the key and often required examination of characters that are difficult to assess without higher magnifications (60X or higher), more time was required to process samples. In developing this set of keys I emphasized character states that are easier for nonspecialists to recognize. I recognize that the character sets used may lead to some errors but I believe that the error rate will be small and, for the purpose of rapid bioassessment, this error rate will be acceptable provided that overall sample sizes are adequate. Oliver and Beattie (1996a, 1996b) found that for rapid assessment of biodiversity the same results were found when identifications were done to morphospecies by people with minimal expertise as when the same data sets were identified by subject …

Fuel ion temperatures have been deduced for a series of implosions of DT-filled capsules by measuring the thermally broadened neutron time-of-flight signals at 10 m and at 20 m from the target. Typical temperatures were around 1 keV, and the corresponding thermal broadening was comparable to or less than the time response of the detectors. Under these conditions, error minimization is crucial, and we find that the location of the detector and the analysis technique are important. An optimum location exits, but is very sensitive to the yield of the implosion and to the detector response. 5 refs., 3 figs.

Fuel ion temperatures for laser-driven, inertial-confinement fusion targets are often determined by neutron time-of-flight (TOF) techniques. The error in the temperature measurement is a minimum at a target-to-detector distance that depends on both target and detector characteristics. The error is dominated by the detector response at shorter distances and by the number of detected neutrons at larger distances. We develop equations that relate the temperature error to the target ion temperature, the number of neutrons detected, target-to-detector distance, and the detector impulse response; and present sample calculations of the error for D-D and D-T plasmas observed by typical Nova neutron TOF detectors. The detector placement is important for minimizing temperature error for target yield below 10{sup 10} neutrons. 4 refs., 2 figs.

This study concerns the effects of hadronic shower spreading and lateral calorimeter segmentation on the jet-jet mass resolution, for high Pt (Pt>500 GeV) hadronic Z{sup 0} decays. In a previous study, we examined the effects of lateral calorimeter segmentation on detection and measurement of high Pt Z{sup 0} {yields} jet-jet, for an ideal calorimeter with no lateral shower spreading. Other recent studies have also examined the dependence of Z{sup 0} mass resolution on calorimeter segmentation, using more realistic models of shower spreading. The studies reported so far have assumed a common calorimeter segmentation for the EM and HAD compartments, and have concluded that (.05{times}.05) segmentation is a desirable optimization point, given the basic limitations imposed by calorimeter energy resolution, shower size, underlying event, etc. In the present study, we consider the case that HAD is segmented more coarsely, specifically (.1{times}.1) instead of (.05{times}.05), and we assume that the EM segmentation is fixed at (.05{times}.05), as driven by electron identification requirements. This hybrid segmentation'' would represent a significant cost saving for SDC. We might expect that the effects of coarser HAD segmentation on the jet- jet mass resolution would be minimal for two reasons. First, roughly half the jet energy is …

Electrochemical destruction of organics to carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic salts using the silver(II) ion as an oxidizer has been demonstrated at the Savannah River Site (SRS) on a laboratory scale. An engineering-scale facility has been constructed at SRS for a process demonstration of the technology using benzene. Organic destruction rates, cell efficiencies and off gas generation will be related to key process variables. Electrocell design, peripheral support equipment, engineering considerations, safety issues, and operating parameters will be discussed. Future test plans and the impact of early results on the direction of the organics destruction program at SRS will also be addressed.

Charged particle spectroscopy using the (t,p) reaction has been employed for more than two decades to study the low-energy structure of nuclei. This reaction has contributed significantly to the elucidation of single-particle and collective phenomena for neutron rich nuclei in virtually every mass region. We have begun to use the (t,p) reaction in conjunctionuclei with in-beam ..gamma..-ray and conversion-electron spectroscopy to bring additional understanding to low-energy nuclear structure. In this report we briefly discuss the experimental considerations in using this reaction for in-beam spectroscopy, and present some results for nuclei with mass near 100.

The Namelist-variable IELV = 1 option inputs ELEV cell-centered elevations for one-dimensional (1D) hydraulic and HTSTR components. TRAC-P then internally evaluates interface-centered GRAVs. TRAC-P checks that GRAVs evaluated from input ELEVs for the HTSTR component and GRAVs input directly under the Namelist-variable IELV = 0 option for 1D hydraulic and HTSTR components lie within the range of {minus}1.0 to 1.0. TRAC-P, however, does not check that GRAVs evaluated from ELEVs input for 1D hydraulic components lie in this range. Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory requested that TRAC-P Version 5.4.28 be programmed to perform this GRAV value check. Update FXGRAV checks that GRAVs evaluated from input ELEVs for one-dimensional hydraulic components lie in the value range of {minus}1.0 to 1.0.

The Naval Air Warfare Center, China Lake, under the direction of the DOD LFT&E Office performed a series of HPM tests for the purpose of exercising the HPM methodology for LFT&E applications. An AH-1S Cobra helicopter was used as the canonical test bed. The Air Force Research Lab (formally Phillips Lab) provided the wide-band source and the Army Research Lab provided the narrow-band used in the tests. LLNL provided the EM diagnostics used at the site for both test series. Our mission was to measure the radiated field from the sources, measure the fields inside the helicopter and the coupling onto various signal lines inside the helicopter, and to monitor the various system signal levels for �bird health� purposes. These experiments were performed during June of 1997 and consisted of exposing the test bed to a series of narrow-band and wide-band pulses from HPM sources. This report covers the measured radiated fields, the fields inside the helicopter, and the coupled signal levels. The radiated fields were measured over a region which spans the physical body of the helicopter. The fields inside the helicopter and the coupled fields were measured using a series of probes inside the helicopter and connected to …

Operations and maintenance continued this month at the Electric Power Research Institute`s (EPRI`s) Environmental Control Technology Center (ECTC). Testing for the month involved continued investigations into the Clear Liquor Scrubbing Process for the production of Anhydrous Calcium Sulfate (Anhydrite). The 1.0 MW Cold-Side Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) unit and the Carbon Injection System (the Pulse-jet Fabric Filter) remained idle this month in a cold-standby mode and were inspected regularly. From May 3-18, the NYSEG Kintigh Station and the ECTC were off-line for a two-week scheduled Station outage. During the ECTC outage, the major systems of the Center were inspected, and several preventive maintenance activities were completed. A listing of the major O&M outage activities completed during this period is presented in the Pilot/Mini-Pilot section of this report. In May 1997, an extension to the Anhydrite Production test block was started following the NYSEG outage. The extension to the Anhydrite Production test block is being funded by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) after promising results from the original test program. Both EPRI and the Department of Energy (DOE) funded the original test program as part of the DOE`s Advanced Power Systems Program, whose mission is to accelerate the commercialization of …

This document outlines the significant accomplishments of fiscal year 1998 for the Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) Project Hanford Management Contract (PHMC) team. Opportunities for improvement to better meet some performance expectations have been identified. The PHMC has performed at an excellent level in administration of leadership, planning, and technical direction. The contractor has met and made notable improvement of attaining customer satisfaction in mission execution. This document includes the team`s recommendation that the PHMC TWRS Performance Expectation Plan evaluation rating for fiscal year 1998 be an Excellent.

A nuclear criticality safety analysis has been performed to increase the approved plutonium mass limit for cans stored in Vault {number_sign}4 cubicles at PFP. The original CSER 96-025 accommodated the storage of 4.4 kg of plutonium in PuO, (5.0 kg PuO,) in Vault {number_sign}4 by requiring that half the cubicles be left vacant. This addendum allows for all the cubicles to be used, but with a fissile plutonium mass limit of 58 kg per cubicle. A mass limit for each cubical allows for storage of a larger number of cans if some have less than the 4.4 kg Pu limit per can. The highest k., calculated is 0.932 + 0.003 when an overbatched can is present in every fourth cubicle. This is below the criticality safety limit of kff 0.935, and consequently, an increase of plutonium mass to 4.4 kg per can is within acceptable safety limits for the given mass limit.

Activities described in the TGD weekly activities report include: completion of device radiography; a mandrel run completed; downhole stereo photographs of emplacement casing; and installment of x-ray detectors.

The vacuum chamber proposed for the storage ring of the 7-GeV Advanced Photon Source (APS) basically consists of two parts: the beam chamber and the antechamber, connected to each other by a narrow gap. A sector of 1-meter-long chamber with dosed end plates, to which are attached the 1-inch-diameter beampipes centered at the beam chamber, has been built for experimental purposes. The 3-D code MAFIA has been used to simulate the frequency-domain behaviors of EM fields in this setup. The results are summarized in this note and are compared with that previously obtained from 2-D simulations and that from network analyzer measurements. They are in general agreement. A parallel analysis in the time-domain is reported in a separate note. The method of our simulations can be briefly described as follows. The 1-inch diameter beampipes are terminated by conducting walls at a length of 2 cm. The whole geometry can thus be considered as a cavity. The lowest RF modes of this geometry are computed using MAFIA. The eigenfrequencies of these modes are a direct output of the eigenvalue solver E3, whereas the type of each mode is determined by employing the postprocessor P3. The mesh sizes are chosen such that …

The one-dimensional (1D) hydraulic and three-dimensional (3D) VESSEL components in TRAC-P have in their motion (momentum) equations a {rho}{center_dot}g{center_dot}h gravity-head term where {rho} is the fluid phasic density, g is the acceleration-of-gravity constant (9.80665 m s{sup {minus}2}, 32.17405 ft s{sup {minus}2}), and h is the vertical elevation. Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory requested the capability to apply a Namelist-variable multiplier to the {rho}{center_dot}g{center_dot}h gravity-heat term in all motion equations of TRAC-P. The default value of this multiplier would be unity. Inputting zero would eliminate the effect of the {rho}{center_dot}g{center_dot}h gravity-head term in the motion equations. Update ZERORGH programs in the Namelist-variable multiplier FRGH to the {rho}{center_dot}g{center_dot}h gravity-head term in all motion equations of TRAC-P Version 5.4.28.

A multi-stage and -step analysis of sequences of crises or exchanges shows that aggressiveness on one side can induce rapid counter-value strikes by the other as well and knowledge that opponents will later become less aggressive does not mitigate the tendency to strike early in crises.

The overall objective of the this research project is to explore the potential applicability of a multistage column for fine coal cleaning and other applications in fluid particle separation. The research work identifies the design parameters and their effects on the performance of the separation device. The results of this study provide an engineering data basis for further development of this technology in coal cleaning and in general areas of fluid and particle separations.

This document addresses the environmental permitting requirements for the transportation and interim storage of the Immobilized Low-Activity Waste (ILAW) produced during Phase 1 of the Hanford Site privatization effort. Tri-Party Agreement (TPA) Milestone M-90 establishes a new major milestone, and associated interim milestones and target dates, governing acquisition and/or modification of facilities necessary for: (1) interim storage and disposal of Tank Waste Remediation Systems (TWRS) immobilized low-activity tank waste (ILAW) and (2) interim storage of TWRS immobilized HLW (IHLW) and other canistered high-level waste forms. Low-activity waste (LAW), low-level waste (LLW), and high-level waste (HLW) are defined by the TWRS, Hanford Site, Richland, Washington, Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) DOE/EIS-0189, August 1996 (TWRS, Final EIS). By definition, HLW requires permanent isolation in a deep geologic repository. Also by definition, LAW is ``the waste that remains after separating from high-level waste as much of the radioactivity as is practicable that when solidified may be disposed of as LLW in a near-surface facility according to the NRC regulations.`` It is planned to store/dispose of (ILAW) inside four empty vaults of the five that were originally constructed for the Group Program. Additional disposal facilities will be constructed to accommodate immobilized LLW packages produced …

The system of brass plugs set in the Main Ring tunnel floor for use in radial alignment of Doubler elements is described. Considerations leading to the choice of plug positions and properties are discussed. The quantitative relationship between the plugs and the Doubler orbit is presented in sufficient detail so that they can be used by anybody to align Doubler elements both radially and along the beam. Neither the origin or the accuracy of the system is discussed in detail.

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has concluded a two and a half year study on the development of an ultrasonic inspection system to inspect post stressed steel tendons on dams and flood gates. The inspection systems were part of a program for the California Department of Water Resources. The effort included the identification of the location and amount of corrosion damage to the tendons, identification of the cause of corrosion, and the technology for inhibiting corrosion. Several NDE methods for inspecting and quantifying damage to steel reinforced concrete water pipes were investigated and presented to the DWR for their consideration. The additional methods included Ground Penetrating RADAR, Electro- Potential Measurements, Infrared Technology, Pipe Inspection Crawlers (designed to travel inside pipelines and simultaneously report on the pipe condition as viewed by ultrasonic methods and video cameras from within the pipeline.) Reference to consultants hired by LLNL for similar on-site corrosion inspections were given to the DWR. The LLNL research into industries that have products to prevent corrosion resulted in the identification of an Innsbruck, Austria, company. This company claims to have products to permanently protect post- or pre-stressed tendons. The caveat is that the tendon protection system must be installed when …

This document is the verification and validation final report for the Decision Analysis Model for Assessment of Tank Waste Remediation System Waste Treatment Strategies. This model is also known as the INSIGHT Model.