This report discusses the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), which are standards that define what EPA considers to be clean air. Their importance stems from the long and complicated implementation process that is set in motion by their establishment.

This document provides supporting calculations for the preparation of the Submerged Bed Scrubber Condensate Disposal Preconceptual Study report The supporting calculations include equipment sizing, Hazard Category determination, and LAW Melter Decontamination Factor Adjustments.

This report documents the process used to identify source area target analytes in support of the 100-N Area remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS) addendum to the Integrated 100 Area Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study Work Plan (DOE/RL-2008-46, Rev. 0).

Fabrication studies to produce high density solid solutions of 80% UC-- 20% RaC, with reproducible structure, composition, and density, were completed. Two types of material were produced: (U/sub 0.8/Pu/0.2/)C/sub 0.95/, single-phase monocarbide pellets with average densities of 12.8 g/cm/sup 3/ (94% of theoretical), sintered at 1950 deg C; and (U/sub 0.8/Pu/0.2/) C/sub 0.95/ + 0.1 wt% Ni sintering aid, major monocarbide and minor amount of sesquicarbide pellets, with average densities of 13.1 g/cm/sup 3/ (96.5% of theoretical) sintered at 1550 deg C. Bar-shaped thermal expansion specimens were fabricated of UC, prior to fabrication of similar (U,Pu)C specimens. UC pellets were fabricated for electropolishing and liquid-metal bonding studies. Chemical analysis procedures were established, and checked, for plutonium, nitrogen, and oxygen. Chemical analysis procedures for carbon are being estsblished. The experimental setups for the measurement of coefficient of thermal expansion, thernial stability, melting point, and fuel cladding compatibility were completed. Testing of thermal expandsion, vapor pressure, and melting point standards was initiated. UCliquid metal-tantalum compatibility tests were completed, and (U,Pu)C-liquid metal-tantalum compatibility specimens were prepared. These tests are to help in choosing a liquid-metal bond for the thermal conductivity test. The pre-installation tests for the safe performance of the high temperature measurements …

The Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) at their Nevada Site Office are addressing groundwater contamination resulting from historical underground nuclear testing through the Environmental Management program and, in particular, the Underground Test Area project. One issue of concern is the nature of the somewhat poorly constrained pre Tertiary geology and its effects on ground-water flow in the area adjacent to a nuclear test. Ground water modelers would like to know more about the hydrostratigraphy and geologic structure to support a hydrostratigraphic framework model that is under development for the Yucca Flat Corrective Action Unit (CAU). During 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey, supported by the DOE and NNSA-NSO, collected and processed data from 51 magnetotelluric (MT) and audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) stations at the Nevada Test Site in and near Yucca Flat to assist in characterizing the pre-Tertiary geology in that area. The primary purpose was to refine the character, thickness, and lateral extent of pre Tertiary confining units. In particular, a major goal has been to define the upper clastic confining unit (late Devonian – Mississippian-age siliciclastic rocks assigned to the Eleana Formation and Chainman Shale) in the Yucca Flat area. The MT and AMT data …

This image analysis project is constructing a tool for performing computer assisted detection of defects in large CT data sets. We address two primary challenges: proving an algorithm that can reliably highlight the objects of interest, and coupling this algorithm to efficient and effective data management and interface routines. The goal of this project is to create an end to end tool that will efficiently extract from large CT data sets a manageable set of candidate defects that highlights 100% of the unambiguous (to a trained analyst) true defects and as many as possible of the ambiguous objects. Objective metrics for defect ambiguity are elusive given the ill defined nature of both the defects and their CT images (e.g., variations in size and contrast, defect/object density gradients). Therefore the true metric of success will be gaining the confidence of the Weapons Program NDE analysts in this tool, which will be a qualitative function of efficiency and accuracy. In consultation with Weapons Program NDE analysts voids it was decided to focus this initial effort on searching for small voids (order of tenths to tens of millimeters in extent). The program has produced a Tungsten ring with surrogate defects drilled into it …

This thesis presents the full-angular time-dependent analysis of the vector-vector channel B{sub d}{sup 0} {yields} J/{psi}(K{sub S}{sup 0}{pi}{sup 0})*{sup 0}. After a review of the CP violation in the B meson system, the phenomenology of the charmonium-K*(892) channels is exposed. The method for the measurement of the transversity amplitudes of the B {yields} J/{psi}K*(892), based on a pseudo-likelihood method, is then exposed. The results from a 81.9 fb{sup -1} of collected data by the BABAR detector at the {Upsilon}(4S) resonance peak are |A{sub 0}|{sup 2} = 0.565 {+-} 0.011 {+-} 0.004, |A{sub {parallel}}|{sup 2} = 0.206 {+-} 0.016 {+-} 0.007, |A{sub {perpendicular}}|{sup 2} = 0.228 {+-} 0.016 {+-} 0.007, {delta}{sub {parallel}} = -2.766 {+-} 0.105 {+-} 0.040 and {delta}{sub {perpendicular}} = 2.935 {+-} 0.067 {+-} 0.040. Note that ({delta}{sub {parallel}}, {delta}{sub {perpendicular}}) {yields} (-{delta}{sub {parallel}}, {pi} - {delta}{sub {perpendicular}}) is also a solution. The strong phases {delta}{sub {parallel}} and {delta}{sub {perpendicular}} are at {approx}> 3{sigma} from {+-}{pi}, signing the presence of final state interactions and the breakdown of the factorization hypothesis. The forward-backward analysis of the K{pi} mass spectrum revealed the presence of a coherent S-wave interfering with the K*(892). It is the first evidence of this wave in the …

The need to diversify energy supplies, the need to mitigate energy-related environmental impact, and the entry of electric vehicles in large numbers present challenges and opportunities to power system professionals. Wind and solar power provide many benefits, and to reap the benefits the resulting increased variability—forecasted as well as unforecasted—should be addressed. Demand resources are receiving increasing attention as one means of providing the grid balancing services. Control and coordination of a large number (~millions) of distributed smart grid assets requires innovative approaches. One such is transactive control and coordination (TC2)—a distributed, agent-based incentive and control system. The TC2 paradigm is to create a market system with the following characteristics: • Participation should be entirely voluntary. • The participant decides at what price s/he is willing to participate. • The bids and responses are automated. Such an approach has been developed and demonstrated by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for energy markets. It is the purpose of this project to develop a similar approach for ancillary services. In this report, the following ancillary services are considered: • spinning reserve • ramping • regulation. These services are to be provided by the following devices: • refrigerators • water heaters • clothes dryers …

The Transportation Routing Analysis Geographic Information System (TRAGIS) model is used to calculate highway, rail, or waterway routes within the United States. TRAGIS is a client-server application with the user interface and map data files residing on the user's personal computer and the routing engine and network data files on a network server. The user's manual provides documentation on installation and the use of the many features of the model.

This report documents a scenario analysis that explores three advanced technology pathways toward climate stabilization using the MiniCAM model.

Daily cash report for Imperial Sugar Company including a list of large withdrawals for the months surrounding the date showing the daily expenses and estimated balance for each entry. It also lists scheduled payments for bank loans.

Weekly report discussing the state of the raw sugar market, including details for prices and market fluctuations related to weights in tons, regions, distribution, years, and figures.

Cloning of large chunks of human genomic DNA in recombinant systems such as yeast or bacterial artificial chromosomes has greatly facilitated the construction of physical maps, the positional cloning of disease genes or the preparation of patient-specific DNA probes for diagnostic purposes. For this process to work efficiently, the DNA cloning process and subsequent clone propagation need to maintain stable inserts that are neither deleted nor otherwise rearranged. Some regions of the human genome; however, appear to have a higher propensity than others to rearrange in any host system. Thus, techniques to detect and accurately characterize such rearrangements need to be developed. We developed a technique termed 'Quantitative DNA Fiber Mapping (QDFM)' that allows accurate tagging of sequence elements of interest with near kilobase accuracy and optimized it for delineation of rearrangements in recombinant DNA clones. This paper demonstrates the power of this microscopic approach by investigating YAC rearrangements. In our examples, high-resolution physical maps for regions within the immunoglobulin lambda variant gene cluster were constructed for three different YAC clones carrying deletions of 95 kb and more. Rearrangements within YACs could be demonstrated unambiguously by pairwise mapping of cosmids along YAC DNA molecules. When coverage by YAC clones was …

The design and constructlon of the shielding facility at Battelle are described. This facility consists of an open pool with a fission plate, an instrument bridge and tower, a control room, and radiation-detection instruments. The shielding pool is located at the end of the thermal column of the Battelle Research Reactor (BRR). The fission plate is 28 in. in diameter and contains approximately 3.5 kg of U/sup 235/. The plate was fabricated from three pieces of highly enriched U and clad with about 25 mils of 2S Al. It generates about 24 w during steady-state reactor operation. The fission spectra of neutrons and gamma rays produced by the fission plate are free from appreclible background radiations. The ratio of thermal to epithermal neutrons impinging upon the fission plate is approximately 67, indicating a low fast-neutron background. Assuming an average energy of 2 Mev for backgrounnd gamma rays results in a ratio of thermal-neutron flux to gamma flux of 16. (auth)

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The cause and significance of the changes in chemical composition of the HRT fuel and changes in reactivity during operation, particularly in run 17A, were investigated. It was concluded that a rise in reactor power level causes deposition of U, Cu, and Ni in some hydrolytic process within the core circulation system in a region which is at a position between zero and average nuclear importance. The deposition requires several minutes to several hours and is relatively easily reversiable when the power is lowered. (J.R.D.)

Non-destructive gamma-ray analysis is a fundamental part of nuclear safeguards, including nuclear energy safeguards technology. Developing safeguards capabilities for nuclear energy will certainly benefit from the advanced use of gamma-ray spectroscopy as well as the ability to model various reactor scenarios. There is currently a wide variety of nuclear data that could be used in computer modeling and gamma-ray spectroscopy analysis. The data can be discrepant (with varying uncertainties), and it may difficult for a modeler or software developer to determine the best nuclear data set for a particular situation. To use gamma-ray spectroscopy to determine the relative isotopic composition of nuclear materials, the gamma-ray energies and the branching ratios or intensities of the gamma-rays emitted from the nuclides in the material must be well known. A variety of computer simulation codes will be used during the development of the nuclear energy safeguards, and, to compare the results of various codes, it will be essential to have all the {gamma}-ray libraries agree. Assessing our nuclear data needs allows us to create a prioritized list of desired measurements, and provides uncertainties for energies and especially for branching intensities. Of interest are actinides, fission products, and activation products, and most particularly mixtures …

Analytical programs have been described for uranium recovery processes for aluminum-uranium and zirconiumuranium reactor fuel elements. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the analytical program for the uranium recovery process involving stainless steel-uranium reactor fuel elements. The recovery process consists of a two step dissolution and the regular liquid-liquid solvent extraction using TBP in kerosene. Sulfuric acid is used to dissolve the stainless steel. As a result of the sulfuric acid dissolution the uranium is converted to a slurry. The uranium slurry is then dlssolved in nitric acid. After the nitric acid dissolution the feed material is compatible with the extraction columns used at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant for other type fuel elements previously described. In order to analyze samples of dissolver solutions for constituents necessary for plant operation, three new analytical methods were developed. These methods are a rapid method for determining uranium, one for nitrate and one for sulfate. Methods are described for urarium, acidity, specific gravity, nitrate, and sulfate in the dissolver solution; also for small amounts of uranium in the extraction column raffinates. Samples of dissolver solution and first cycle aqueous raffinate contain large amounts of fission products. These samples require shielded …

A quantitative account of the brickwall effect is given. By combining the theory of the resistive wall instability- with the theory of a nonuniform incoherent tune shift, it is shown how the brickwall effect manifests itself as a limit on the current tune density (current/tune spread) at some critical stack width. A description of the effect in the CERN ISR is given. It is also shown, by an example, how the limiting current condition can be used in a certain class of storage ring design. (auth)

MicroCoating Technologies, Inc., investigated the use of the Combustion Chemical Vapor Deposition (CCVD) process to deposit oxygen or sintering barrier coatings for thermal barrier coating (TBC) applications. In addition, it looked at the use of its nanopowders by the NanoSpray process for developing smoothing layers on TBCs. Testing and analysis of coated substrates included heat treatments, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and profilometry. Coatings on TBC-coated superalloy coupons were tested by an outside collaborator. Results from the investigations indicated that the thin film coatings were not well-suited as barrier layers on the rough bond coat or TBC. Subsequent investigations considered smoothing layers on the TBC, as suggested by the collaborator, using nanopowder-based coatings. Smoothing of substrate surfaces by 50% was observed by profilometry.

Simulations of the Integrated Computer Control System (ICCS) status monitor framework have been performed. The results provide confidence that the requirements related to the framework can be met. The simulation was done by using the SIMPROCESS discrete-event-modeling tool. This document describes the results of the simulations. The requirements related to the status monitor framework are the following: (1) 1 graphical user interface (GUI) per workstation supports 10 status updates per second. (2) Broad-view control system status updates can be received in less than 10 seconds in the expected configuration of the ICCS for NIF deployment.

Duplex stainless steels (DSS) constitute both ferrite and austenite as a matrix. Such a microstructure confers a high corrosion resistance with favorable mechanical properties. However, intermetallic phases such as sigma () and chi () can also form during casting or high-temperature processing and can degrade the properties of the DSS. This research was initiated to develop time-temperature-transformation (TTT) and continuous-cooling- transformation (CCT) diagrams of two types of cast duplex stainless steels, CD3MN (Fe 22Cr-5Ni-Mo-N) and CD3MWCuN (Fe-25Cr-7Ni-Mo-W-Cu-N), in order to understand the time and temperature ranges for intermetallic phase formation. The alloys were heat treated isothermally or under controlled cooling conditions and then characterized using conventional metallographic methods that included tint etching, and also using electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS). The kinetics of intermetallic-phase ( + ) formation were analyzed using the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) equation in the case of isothermal transformations and a modified form of this equation in the case of continuous cooling transformations, The rate of intermetallic-phase formation was found to be much faster in CD3MWCuN than CD3MN due mainly to differences in the major alloying contents such as Cr, Ni and Mo. To examine in more detail the effects of these elements of …

The Interim Stabilization Project is responsible for removing pumpable interstitial liquid from remaining single shelled tanks and transferring the waste to safer double-shelled tanks. This waste transfer is conducted by installing a saltwell pumping system within the designated single shell tank, and transferring the waste to double shelled tank using approved transfer lines. The saltwell pumping system is placed within a saltwell screen installed into the tank waste, the screen is designed to allow gravity flow of liquid into the screen and prevent solids from entering the pumping system. A foot valve consisting of a venturi jet and nozzle creates a suction, picking up waste at an equal rate as the out flow transfer rate of the saltwell system. A centrifugal pump is used to create the motive force across the eductor and drive the waste through the associated system piping and transfer lines leading to the double shelled tanks. The centrifugal pump that has typically been used in the saltwell pumping system installations is the Crane Chempump, model GA-1 1/2 K with 4 3/4 inch impeller. The following evaluation is not intended to be an all inclusive analysis of the operation of a saltwell system and associated pump. This …

This report describes experiments conducted to demonstrate the proof-of-principle of a method to recover NaOH from Hanford tank sludge leaching solutions. Aqueous solutions generated from leaching actual Hanford tank waste solids were used. The process involves neutralization of a lipophilic weak acid (t-octylphenol was used in these experiments) by reaction with NaOH in the aqueous phase. This results in the transfer of Na into the organic phase. Contacting with water reverses this process, reprotonating the lipophilic weak acid and transferring Na back into the aqueous phase as NaOH. The work described here confirms the potential application of solvent extraction to recover and recycle NaOH from solutions generated by leaching Hanford tank sludges. Solutions obtained by leaching sludges from tanks S-110 and T-110 were used in this work. It was demonstrated that Na+ is transferred from caustic leaching solution to the organic phase when contacted with t-octylphenol solutions. This was accompanied by a concomitant decrease in the aqueous-phase hydroxide ion concentration. Seventy to 80 % of the extracted Na was recovered by 3 to 4 sequential contacts of the organic phase with water. Cesium was co-extracted by the procedure, but Al and Cr remained in the feed stream.