Article recounts the life and rigorous training experience of undertaker-turned-ensign L.L. Culver in the United States navy in the early years of World War II. Brad Agnew reconstructs the officer's experiences from letters sent home, and concludes the article with the beginning of a journey that is continued in the Spring 2003 issue of The Chronicles of Oklahoma.

Article examines the military career of "Oklahoma's Greatest Hero," Joseph Oklahombi, and contests the popular record with regards to his military awards and achievements.

Article describes the history of training, field testing, and development orchestrated by the United States Aeronautics Corps at Henry Post Field in Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Stacy Webb Reaves provides a more detailed look into the operations of the Corps, including their involvement in World War I.

The end of the Cold War seemed to create a more peaceful international environment. September 11 reminded us of the dangers of complacency. Indeed, even before September 11 US forces had intervened in a number of wars and crises, including Panama, the Persian Gulf War, Somalia, Rwanda, Bosnia, Kosovo, several Taiwan Straits crises, the North Korea nuclear weapons crisis, and most recently Afghanistan. US ability to intervene in remote areas of the world is often dependent on the Navy's ability to project power ashore. As a result, US ability to influence events in crisis situations, especially between or among nuclear powers, may become more difficult along with our ability to conduct littoral warfare. Although the numbers of potentially hostile submarines have declined with the end of the Cold War, US anti-submarine warfare capabilities have also declined. Moreover, foreign submarines and related technologies are likely to diffuse globally. New technologies like Air Independent Propulsion (AIP), improved weapons and sensors will make conventional submarines more dangerous, and the spread of nuclear submarines even to a few more countries raise political, military, environmental, and safety concerns. Submarines are one of the key weapon systems used alone or in combination with other weapon systems …

Major scientific and technological breakthroughs played a pivotal role in our ability to win the Cold War. The possibility of a different type of war, in response to terrorism, has long been recognized. Indeed, countermeasures to address specific terrorist acts have been developed and are deployed, for example, at special sporting and political events. The current threat environment, however, has created an intense and compelling set of concerns; consequently, the challenge to the scientific Community to develop new concepts and products on an accelerated timeframe is clear. Also, the spectrum of terrorist threats is broad. It includes the use of conventional, chemical, biological, and nuclear and radiological weapons, not to mention cyber-based attacks. The imperatives for advances have been amplified now that attacks are clearly possible within the U.S. borders. For example, advanced sensors and detectors that are able to monitor the proliferation of all the above warfare agents and their movement at entry points into the U.S. are clearly needed. The investments over the last decades in research and development efforts at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratories in nonproliferation have led unique technologies and detection capabilities that have proved useful; yet, many challenges remain. In particular, …

The Department of Energy owns a number of nuclear materials that require physical protection. This protection is required for the materials in transit as well as in storage. The resource capacity for protecting these materials in transit was allowed to decline after the end of the cold war. As Records of Decision regarding the disposition of surplus special nuclear materials (SNM) are implemented, the Department's secure transportation workload will increase dramatically. New resources cannot be added fast enough to support the growth in work scope unless secure shipping operations become more efficient. This paper describes our effort to model integrated secure shipping operations and to recommend changes to shipping plans that reduce workload and increase capacity.

Article discusses the history of the Oklahoma Panhandle, focusing on its return to prosperity beginning in the wake of World War II. Despite the earlier difficulties of the 1930s, the panhandle made inroads in the agriculture and ranching industry, oil and gas, and pork production.

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is one of the Nation's leading scientific and defense laboratories, owned by the Department of Energy and managed by the University of California. LANL is one of the original weapons complex labs dating back to the days of the Manhattan Project during World War II. Since then, radioactive materials research has continued at LANLs Plutonium Facility, and remains a primary responsibility of the Laboratory. The Nuclear Materials Technology Division (NMT) is a multidisciplinary organization responsible for daily operations of the Plutonium Facility and the Chemistry Research Metallurgy Facility. NMT Division is responsible for the saence, engineering and technology of plutonium and other actinides in support of the Nation's nuclear weapons stockpile, nuclear materials disposition, and nuclear energy programs. A wide amy of activities are performed within NMT Division, such as analytical chemistry, metallurgical operations, actinide processes, waste operations, radioactive materials research and related administrative tasks.

This paper is concerned with the promotion and advancement of regional security in the Middle East and Central Asia through the development of bilateral and multilateral cooperation on targeted scientific and technical projects. It is widely recognized that increasing tensions and instability in many parts of the world emphasize--or reemphasize--a need to seek and promote regional security in these areas. At the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), a national security research facility operated for the US Department of Energy, we are pursuing an effort to use science and technology as a ''low risk'' means of engagement in regions of strategic importance to the United States. In particular, we are developing collaborations and cooperative projects among (and between) national laboratory scientists in the US and our various counterparts in the countries of interest.

Article describes in detail the rise of Mike Monroney, a young and progressive democrat from the House of Representatives in his bid for a seat on the United States Senate in 1950. Philip A. Grant, Jr. describes the events of the election race, particularly his competition with Senator Elmer Thomas.

Until the late 1980s, a primary mission of the Department of Energy (DOE) has been the production of nuclear materials for nuclear weapons. Termination of the Cold War in 1989 and the subsequent nuclear weapons treaties dramatically decreased the inventory needs for nuclear weapons. These activities resulted in the consolidation of nuclear material inventories and activities, generating substantial amounts of surplus nuclear materials ranging from plutonium metal and pure oxides to impure plutonium residues. Packaging and storage of these materials in physically and environmentally safe configurations for significant time periods were required. In 1993 the Defense Nuclear Facility Safety Board (DNFSB) and the DOE Office of Nuclear Safety examined the storage of metal and oxides at the Rocky Flats Plant that ultimately resulted in recommendation 94-1, calling for a standard to define the processing and storage of plutonium bearing materials. This recommendation generated a standard for storage of plutonium metals and oxides, DOE-STD-3013-2000, which is now in its fourth revision. The current DOE 3013 Standard is limited to metal and oxides, which contain greater than 30 weight percent plutonium and uranium. The 3013 Standard requires that the oxide be calcined to 950 C for two hours in an oxidizing environment. …

During World War II, the Manhattan Engineering District (MED) utilized facilities in the Buffalo, New York area to extract natural uranium from uranium-bearing ores. The Linde property is one of several properties within the Tonawanda, New York Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP) site, which includes Linde, Ashland 1, Ashland 2, and Seaway. Union Carbide Corporation's Linde Division was placed under contract with the Manhattan Engineering District (MED) from 1942 to 1946 to extract uranium from seven different ore sources: four African pitchblende ores and three domestic ores. Over the years, erosion and weathering have spread contamination from the residuals handled and disposed of at Linde to adjacent soils. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) negotiated a Federal Facilities Agreement (FFA) governing remediation of the Linde property. In Fiscal Year (FY) 1998, Congress transferred cleanup management responsibility for the sites in the FUSRAP program, including the Linde Site, from the DOE to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), with the charge to commence cleanup promptly. All actions by the USACE at the Linde Site are being conducted subject to the administrative, procedural, and regulatory provisions of the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation …

Deterrence means preventing another's actions by influencing their decisionmaking process. Nuclear deterrence was successfully accomplished during the Cold War by holding the adversary's valuable assets at risk by targeting them with nuclear weapons, a policy known as mutually assured destruction (MAD). In this case neither player attacks the other, because the ultimate outcome is self-destruction. Deterrence based upon MAD is largely ineffective against sub-state actors who may have few if any assets, the location of which may be unknown. Furthermore, the threat of destroying their assets may only serve to strengthen their motivation to do more stealthy violence, the threat being interpreted as a taunt. The key to establishing deterrence is understanding the adversary's decision process, starting with the factors upon which decisions are made, called decision attributes. Asymmetric threats are assumed to involve chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) weapons. So, the key decision attributes here are concerned with the acquisition and use of CBRN weapons. We have identified the following five countermeasure objectives for establishing deterrence: (1) Reduce access to CBRN weapons, expertise, materials, and equipment; (2) Make CBRN weapons difficult to use; (3) Reduce the effectiveness of CBRN weapons; (4) Increase the likelihood of being caught acquiring …

Article on official and unofficial censorship procedures in the German Democratic Republic and the case of Günter Kunert.

Article details the life and political career of Oklahoma governor John C. "Jack" Walton. Brad L. Duren discusses the factors that led to his impeachment, including his frequent clashes with the Ku Klux Klan, despotic political actions, and conflict with his biggest critic on the Oklahoma state legislature, W. D. McBee.

The brutal terrorist attacks of September 11th, the anthrax attacks that followed and growing knowledge of al Qaeda's pursuit of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons have not only intensified concerns about terrorism but also created doubts about our understanding of terrorism. These attacks were in many ways unprecedented, and ultimately raise the question of the roots or causes of terrorism. Historically and today, there have been divergent views on this question, which reflect philosophical, religious, political, sociological and other differences. These differences are not merely academic, as they can affect our understanding of both the threat and of responses to terrorism in the aftermath of September 11th, Terrorism is too complex and diverse a phenomenon to speak easily of causes. But we may be able to discern the causes of specific acts. Our response to 9/11 and other acts of terrorism will be affected by our understanding of their causes. If 9/11 was caused by US Middle East policies, the response must involve a review of these policies. If it is a backlash against globalization, the response must address the realities underlying anti-globalization sentiments. Addressing causes will not in any case end terrorism, and addressing the wrong causes will be …

Article describes the life and political career of Judge Orville Enfield of Ellis County, a member of the Socialist Party. R. O. Joe Cassity, Jr. defines Enfield's place in the history of Oklahoma radicalism and examines the concept of radicalism in the political scene.

Article describes the founding and history of Goodland Indian Orphanage, one of the few mid-nineteenth century schools for Native American children that promoted inclusion of their culture and language along with assimilation initiatives. Ruby Wile includes personal recollections of the LaCroix family, four Choctaw children who lived at the Presbyterian institution.

Article examines the origins and paternity of John Martin, first chief justice of the first supreme court ever instituted in the Cherokee Nation. Patricia Lockwood, a descendant of John Martin, highlights the need for the recovery of historical records relating to the Cherokee Nation and acknowledgement of their distortion.

Article describes the development of movie theaters in Stillwater, Oklahoma from opera houses, to locally-owned movie houses, to chain takeovers. Deborah Carmichael equates this growth to the development of the film industry in Hollywood and the importance of moving pictures in the history of the U.S.

The brutal terrorist attacks of September 11th, the anthrax attacks that followed and growing knowledge of al Qaeda's pursuit of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons have not only intensified concerns about terrorism but also created doubts about our understanding of terrorism. These attacks were in many ways unprecedented, and ultimately raise the question of the roots or causes of terrorism. Historically and today, there have been divergent views on this question, which reflect philosophical, religious, political and other differences. These differences are not merely academic, as they can affect our understanding of both the threat and of responses to terrorism in the aftermath of September 1 1 th. Terrorism is too complex and diverse a phenomenon to speak easily of causes. But we may be able to discern the causes of specific acts. Our response to 9/11 and other acts of terrorism will be affected by our understanding of their causes, as well as by possible political requirements to address widespread perceptions of causes. If 9/11 was caused by Islamic radicalism, the near-term response must be to ensure the terrorists are defeated and pose no fiuther danger. In the longer term, education is critical. If the attacks were caused by …

Article reconstructs the period of forced removal Cherokees experienced in the 1830s, including the bureaucratic process behind it, seizure of Cherokee property, embarkation camps, and the emigration itself. Due to the lack of consistency in historical record, Lathel F. Duffield examines a variety of sources, from the works of historians to the records of soldiers enacting the atrocities.

Notes and Documents column including a document honoring Annie Heloise Abel, who was inducted into the Oklahoma Historians Hall of Fame in 2002. It also includes an article about Thomas P. Stafford, an astronaut from Oklahoma who participated in the space race of the 1960s.

Puzzles awaiting better experiments and better theory include: (1) the contradiction between good and bad SU(3) baryon wave functions in fitting Cabibbo theory for hyperon decays, strangeness suppression in the sea and the violation of the Gottfried Sum rule--no model fits all; (2) Anomalously enhanced Cabibbo-suppressed D{sup +} {yields} K*{sup +} (s{bar d}) decays; (3) anomalously enhanced and suppressed B {yields} {eta}{prime} X decays; (4) the OZI rule in weak decays; (5) Vector dominance (W {yields} {pi}, {rho}, a{sub 1}, D{sub s}, D*{sub s}) in weak decays; (6) puzzles in doubly-cabibbo-suppressed charm decays; and (7) problems in obtaining {Lambda} spin structure from polarization measurements of produced {Lambda}'s.