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1,739 Matching Results
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Price competition in procurement
When creating a private market to provide a public good, government agencies can influence the market`s competitive characteristics. Markets have predictable, but often counterintuitive, behaviors. To succeed in applying available controls, and thereby reduce future costs, agencies must understand the behavior of the market. A model has been constructed to examine some issues in establishing competition for a structure in which there are economies of scale and government is obligated to purchase a fixed total quantity of a good. This model is used to demonstrate a way to estimate the cost savings from several alternative plans for a buyer exploring competitive procurement. The results are not and cannot be accurate for budgeting purposes; rather, they indicate the approximate magnitude of changes in cost that would be associated with changes in the market structure within which procurement occurs.
Date:
July 1, 1996
Creator:
Keisler, J.M. & Buehring, W.A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Relative efficiency benefits of wholesale and retail competition in electricity: An analysis and a research agenda
A central issue in the debate over restructuring the electric power industry is the extent to which the market should be open to competition. One aspect of this debate is whether competition ought to be restricted to the whole sale power market or be extended to final retail consumers. This report begins to explore the potential differences in economic efficiency between wholesale and retail competition in the electric power industry. The two market-structure scenarios are defined and the factors responsible for differences in efficiency are described. The report also contains an assessment of the relative importance of the factors and recommendations for pursuing further research.
Date:
March 1, 1996
Creator:
Bohi, D.R. & Palmer, K.L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Competition between gettering by implantation-induced cavities in silicon and internal gettering associated with SiO{sub 2} precipitation
Dissolved or metallic impurities can degrade silicon integrated circuit (IC) device yields when present in the near surface, active device region. This is such a critical issue that the IC community has set specifications for the reduction of metallic impurities down to 2.5 {times} 10{sup 9} atoms/cm{sup 3}. The exceptionally high diffusivity and solubility of Cu and Fe in silicon and their presence in many processing tools makes these impurities of particular interest. Additionally, Cu is being considered as an interconnect material because of its low electrical resistivity which creates a high potential for contamination. Here, the gettering behavior of Cu and Fe was investigated in CZ silicon which contained both internal-gettering sites in the bulk due to SiO{sub 2} precipitation and a device-side layer of cavities formed by He implantation and annealing. The objective was to quantify the effectiveness of impurity gettering at cavities relative to the widely used internal-gettering process. Both rapid thermal anneals and furnace anneals were used during the gettering sequences to reveal transient effects as well as the final, thermodynamically-equilibrated condition. For temperatures of 700, 800 and 850 C, the cavity gettering was observed to predominate over internal gettering as indicated both by the number …
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
McHugo, S. A.; Weber, E. R.; Myers, S. M. & Petersen, G. A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Energy-efficient buildings: Does the marketplace work?
For a variety of reasons, U.S. households, businesses, manufacturers, and government agencies all fail to take full advantage of cost-effective, energy-efficiency opportunities. Despite a growing environmental ethic among Americans and a concern for energy independence, consumers in this country are underinvesting in technologies, products, and practices that would cut their energy bills. The result is a large untapped potential for improving energy productivity, economic competitiveness, environmental quality, and energy security. The thesis of this paper is that the marketplace for energy efficiency, in general, is not operating perfectly, and the marketplace for energy-efficient buildings, in particular, is flawed. The reasons for underinvestments in cost-effective, energy efficiency are numerous and complicated. They also vary from sector to sector: the principal causes of energy inefficiencies in agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation are not the same as the causes of inefficiencies in homes and office buildings, although there are some similarities. One of the reasons for these differences is that the structure of marketplace for delivering new technologies and products in each sector differs. Energy-efficiency improvements in the buildings sector is critical to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, since most of the energy consumed in buildings comes from the burning of fossil fuels. This paper …
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Brown, M.A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The changing structure of the electric power industry: An update
The U. S. electric power industry today is on the road to restructuring a road heretofore uncharted. While parallels can be drawn from similar journeys taken by the airline industry, the telecommunications industry, and, most recently, the natural gas industry, the electric power industry has its own unique set of critical issues that must be resolved along the way. The transition will be from a structure based on a vertically integrated and regulated monopoly to one equipped to function successfully in a competitive market. The long-standing traditional structure of the electric power industry is the result of a complex web of events that have been unfolding for over 100 years. Some of these events had far-reaching and widely publicized effects. Other major events took the form of legislation. Still other events had effects that are less obvious in comparison (e.g., the appearance of technologies such as transformers and steam and gas turbines, the invention of home appliances, the man-made fission of uranium), and it is likely that their significance in the history of the industry has been obscured by the passage of time. Nevertheless, they, too, hold a place in the underpinnings of today`s electric industry structure. The purpose of …
Date:
December 1, 1996
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Assessing strategies to address transition costs in a restructuring electricity industry
Restructuring the US electricity industry has become the nation`s central energy issue for the 1990s. Restructuring proposals at the federal and state levels focus on more competitive market structures for generation and the integration of transmission within those structures. The proposed move to more competitive generation markets will expose utility costs that are above those experienced by alternative suppliers. Debate about these above-market, or transition, costs (e.g., their size,who will pay for them and how) has played a prominent role in restructuring proceedings. This paper presents results from a project to systematically assess strategies to address transition costs exposed by restructuring the electricity industry.
Date:
August 1, 1996
Creator:
Baxter, L.; Hadley, S. & Hirst, E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Transforming public utility commissions in the new regulatory environment: Some issues and ideas for managing change
In the face of sweeping changes in utility markets and regulatory practices, public utility commissions are being forced to change in fundamental ways--to substantially transform themselves rather than to make only incremental changes in their operations. Managing this process of radical change is complicated by the fact that for the foreseeable future some portions of utility markets (e.g., water utilities) will function much as they have before. Some envision commissions in the future that are more externally focussed, that rely more on dispute resolution than adjudicatory proceedings, that concentrate on identifying and understanding competitive markets, that are more automated, and that are more likely to question old assumptions and definitions. This report identifies the considerations commissions might apply for identifying what mix of skills or fields of experise should compromise the technical staff. Factors are also identified which point towards a sectoral arrangement of staff and those factors which point toward a functional approach.
Date:
July 1, 1996
Creator:
Wirick, David W.; Davis, Vivian Witkind; Burns, Robert E. & Jones, Douglas N.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Antitrust concerns in the modern public utility environment
Direct regulation of public utility activity and behavior has been the predominant approach to protect the public interest in this country. Changes in technology, as well as new thinking about the optimum role of regulation, have created a changing atmosphere in all of the traditional public utility industries. Competitive markets for many of the products and services in these industries have been developing. While monopoly power will continue to exist in certain parts of these industries and require direct regulation, in many areas a growing reliance upon competition as the best method of serving the public interest is developing. With this shift in emphasis from regulation to free markets, the antitrust laws take on new importance for these industries. In the absence of direct regulator control, those laws are society`s primary method of insuring the markets necessary to make competition an effective device for protecting the public interest. This study provides an overview of the antitrust laws, briefly describes the applicable theoretical underpinnings, and then turns to areas where public utility activity may pose special problems or conflicts with prevailing antitrust policy.
Date:
April 1, 1996
Creator:
Meeks, James E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Wind energy as a significant source of electricity for the United States
This paper discusses wind energy and its potential to significantly impact the generation of electricity within the US. The principles and the equipment used to convert wind energy to electricity are described, as is the status of current technology. Markets and production projections are given. There is discussion of the advances required to reduce the selling cost of electricity generated from the wind from today`s price of about $0.05 per kilowatt-hour to full cost-competitiveness with gas- and coal-based electricity.
Date:
June 1, 1996
Creator:
Nix, R.G.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
HEV dynamometer testing with state-of-charge corrections in the 1995 HEV challenge
In the 1995 HEV Challenge competition, 17 prototype Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) were tested by using special HEV test procedures. The contribution of the batteries during the test, as measured by changes in battery state-of-charge (SOC), were accounted for by applying SOC corrections to the test data acquired from the results of the HEV test. The details of SOC corrections are described and two different HEV test methods are explained. The results of the HEV test methods are explained. The results of the HEV tests and the effects on the test outcome of varying HEV designs and control strategies are examined. Although many teams had technical problems with their vehicles, a few vehicles demonstrated high fuel economy and low emissions. One vehicle had emissions lower than California`s ultra-low emission vehicle (ULEV) emissions rates, and two vehicles demonstrated higher fuel economy and better acceleration than their stock counterparts.
Date:
March 1, 1996
Creator:
Duoba, M. & Larsen, R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Regional manufacturing technology development for the small manufacturer. CRADA final report
The purpose of this CRADA was to provide a mechanism whereby private sector companies within the State of Florida could access the vast technological resources available at the Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. facilities in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and Largo, Florida. This assistance was focused on assisting companies within the region to become more globally competitive. The State of Florida Department of Commerce, Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. (LMES) Specialty Components and LMES Oak Ridge, provided companies with up to four days of technical assistance at no charge. As a result of those interactions, there has been an economic impact of $13.7 million dollars reported, and 138 jobs retained or created over the life of the CRADA. Although this has not been the most successful of all the technical assistance CRADAs, it has proven, because of the number of assistances, to be very successful.
Date:
September 30, 1996
Creator:
Shanks, B.A. & Patz, D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Time-Based Manufacturing Competence and Business Performance: An Empirical Study in the Steel Minimill Industry
The main research question pertains to the relationship between time-based manufacturing competence and business performance: Is there a positive relationship between time-based manufacturing competence and business performance. The objective of the study, therefore, is to examine the relationship between time -based manufacturing competence and business performance.
Date:
August 1996
Creator:
Al-Serhan, Yahya N. (Yahya Naser)
Object Type:
Thesis or Dissertation
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Parallel path aspects of transmission modeling
This paper examines the present methods and modeling techniques available to address the effects of parallel flows resulting from various firm and short-term energy transactions. A survey of significant methodologies is conducted to determine the present status of parallel flow transaction modeling. The strengths and weaknesses of these approaches are identified to suggest areas of further modeling improvements. The motivating force behind this research is to improve transfer capability assessment accuracy by suggesting a real-time modeling environment that adequately represents the influences of parallel flows while recognizing operational constraints and objectives.
Date:
November 1, 1996
Creator:
Kavicky, J.A. & Shahidehpour, S.M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Energy efficiency dynamometer testing at the 1996 American Tour de Sol
In 1995, the U.S. Department of Energy through Argonne National Laboratory`s Center for Transportation Research sponsored energy efficiency data collection from the student, private, and professional vehicles during the American Tour de Sol. The American Tour de Sol is a multiple-day road rally event run from New York City to Washington, D.C. As part of this efficiency testing, a number of vehicles were tested on a chassis dynamometer utilizing three common drive cycles: the LA-4, the New York City Cycle, and the Highway Fuel Economy Test. The results demonstrate remarkable efficiency increases over a gasoline control vehicle and significant cycle-sensitivity information. Two series hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) were shown to have fuel efficiencies which were less sensitive to drive cycle than either a gasoline or an electric vehicle.
Date:
August 1, 1996
Creator:
Sluder, S.; Duoba, M.; Buitrago, C.; Leblanc, N. & Larsen, R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
An Investigation of the Relationship Between World-Class Quality System Components and Performance
Within the past two decades U.S. companies have experienced increased competition from foreign companies. In an effort to combat this competition many U.S. companies focused on quality as a solution to the problem. Researchers agree this emphasis on quality systems has changed the way many managers conduct business. Yet, no studies have identified which components of world-class quality systems, if any, contribute most to changes in performance. The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate three research questions pertaining to world-class quality systems: (1) What are the components of world-class quality systems? (2) Does a relationship exist between world-class quality system components and improved organizational performance? (3) Which world-class quality system components contribute most to changes in performance? The theoretical foundation for investigating these relationships is developed from Galbraith's (1977) information processing model of organization design. An extensive literature review resulted in the identification of seven components common to world-class quality systems: management involvement, customer involvement, employee involvement, supplier involvement, product/service design, process management, and continuous improvement. The literature suggests implementation of these components leads to changes in performance in such areas as productivity, throughput time, and quality output. A cross-sectional field study was used to gather data to …
Date:
December 1996
Creator:
Berry, Roger W. (Roger William)
Object Type:
Thesis or Dissertation
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Design diversity of HEVs with example vehicles from HEV competitions
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVS) can be designed and operated to satisfy many different operational missions. The three most common HEV types differ with respect to component sizing and operational capabilities. However, HEV technology offers design opportunities beyond these three types. This paper presents a detailed HEV categorization process that can be used to describe unique HEV prototype designs entered in college and university-level HEV design competitions. We explored possible energy management strategies associated with designs that control the utilization of the two on- board energy sources and use the competition vehicles to illustrate various configurations and designs that affect the vehicle`s capabilities. Experimental data is used to help describe the details of the power control strategies which determine how the engine and electric motor of HEV designs work together to provide motive power to the wheels.
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
Duoba, M.; Larsen, R. & LeBlanc, N.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Unbundling the retail gas market: Current activities and guidance for serving residential and small customers
The restructuring of retail gas services has followed a typical pattern for previously heavily regulated industries: large customers are initially given rights to purchase unbundled services from different entities, with the same rights dispersed over time to smaller customers. For about ten years now industrial customers in most states have been able to {open_quotes}play the market{close_quotes}. Since the passage of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Order 636 in 1992, interest has centered on expanding service unbundling to small retail customers, including residential customers. Importantly, the Order prohibited pipelines from providing bundled sales service. This is not surprising - in the telecommunications industry, for example, the unbundling of wholesale services was a strong stimulant for developing competition in the local exchange market. The push for small-customer service unbundling has derived from the basic but politically attractive idea that all retail customers should directly benefit from competitive forces in the natural gas industry. When one looks at the movement of prices since 1985, it is easy to see that large retail customers have enjoyed more favorable prices than other retail customers. For example, over the period 1985 to 1994 gas prices to industrial customers and electric utilities fell around 23 percent …
Date:
May 1, 1996
Creator:
Costello, Kenneth W. & Lemon, J. Rodney
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Review of methods for forecasting the market penetration of new technologies
In 1993 the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EE) initiated a program called Quality Metrics. Quality Metrics was developed to measure the costs and benefits of technologies being developed by EE R&D programs. The impact of any new technology is directly related to its adoption by the market. The techniques employed to project market adoption are critical to measuring a new technology`s impact. Our purpose was to review current market penetration theories and models and develop a recommended approach for evaluating the market penetration of DOE technologies. The following commonly cited innovation diffusion theories were reviewed to identify analytical approaches relevant to new energy technologies: (1) the normal noncumulative adopter distribution method, (2) the Bass Model, (3) the Mansfield-Blackman Model, (4) the Fisher-Pry Model, (5) a meta-analysis of innovation diffusion studies. Of the theories reviewed, the Bass and Mansfield-Blackman models were found most applicable to forecasting the market penetration of electricity supply technologies. Their algorithms require input estimates which characterize the technology adoption behavior of the electricity supply industry. But, inadequate work has been done to quantify the technology adoption characteristics of this industry. The following energy technology market penetration models were also reviewed: (1) DOE`s Renewable …
Date:
December 1, 1996
Creator:
Gilshannon, S. T. & Brown, D. R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Environmental Management Technology Leveraging Initiative. Topical report, October 1, 1995--September 30, 1996
The ``Environmental Management Technology Leveraging Initiative,`` a cooperative agreement between the Global Environment and Technology Foundation and the Department of Energy-Morgantown Energy Technology Center, has completed its second year. This program, referred to as the Global Environmental Technology Enterprise (GETE) is an experiment to bring together the public and private sectors to identify, formulate, promote and refine methods to develop more cost-effective clean-up treatments. Working closely with Department of Energy officials, National Laboratory representatives, business people, academia, community groups, and other stakeholders, this program attempts to commercialize innovative, DOE-developed technologies. The methodology to do so incorporates three elements: business assistance, information, and outreach. A key advance this year was the development of a commercialization guidance document which can be used to diagnose the commercialization level and needs for innovative technologies.
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Geothermal Progress Monitor. Report No. 18
The near-term challenges of the US geothermal industry and its long-range potential are dominant themes in this issue of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Geothermal Progress Monitor which summarizes calendar-year 1996 events in geothermal development. Competition is seen as an antidote to current problems and a cornerstone of the future. Thus, industry's cost-cutting strategies needed to increase the competitiveness of geothermal energy in world markets are examined. For example, a major challenge facing the US industry today is that the sales contracts of independent producers have reached, or soon will, the critical stage when the prices utilities must pay them drop precipitously, aptly called the cliff. However, Thomas R. Mason, President and CEO of CalEnergy told the DOE 1996 Geothermal Program Review XIV audience that while some of his company's plants have ''gone over the cliff, the world is not coming to an end.'' With the imposition of severe cost-cutting strategies, he said, ''these plants remain profitable... although they have to be run with fewer people and less availability.'' The Technology Development section of the newsletter discusses enhancements to TOUGH2, the general purpose fluid and heat flow simulator and the analysis of drill cores from The Geysers, but the …
Date:
December 31, 1996
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A systematic look at Tank Waste Remediation System privatization
The mission of the Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) Program is to store, treat, immobilize, and dispose, or prepare for disposal, the Hanford radioactive tank waste in an environmentally sound, safe, and cost effective manner. Highly radioactive Hanford waste includes current and future tank waste plus the cesium and strontium capsules. In the TWRS program, as in other Department of Energy (DOE) clean-up activities, there is an increasing gap between the estimated funding required to enable DOE to meet all of its clean-up commitments and level of funding that is perceived to be available. Privatization is one contracting/management approach being explored by DOE as a means to achieve cost reductions and as a means to achieve a more outcome-oriented program. Privatization introduces the element of competition, a proven means of establishing true cost as well as achieving significant cost reduction.
Date:
January 1, 1996
Creator:
Holbrook, J. H.; Duffy, M. A.; Vieth, D. L. & Sohn, C. L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
1997 hybrid electric vehicle specifications
The US DOE sponsors Advanced Vehicle Technology competitions to help educate the public and advance new vehicle technologies. For several years, DOE has provided financial and technical support for the American Tour de Sol. This event showcases electric and hybrid electric vehicles in a road rally across portions of the northeastern United States. The specifications contained in this technical memorandum apply to vehicles that will be entered in the 1997 American Tour de Sol. However, the specifications were prepared to be general enough for use by other teams and individuals interested in developing hybrid electric vehicles. The purpose of the specifications is to ensure that the vehicles developed do not present a safety hazard to the teams that build and drive them or to the judges, sponsors, or public who attend the competitions. The specifications are by no means the definitive sources of information on constructing hybrid electric vehicles - as electric and hybrid vehicles technologies advance, so will the standards and practices for their construction. In some cases, the new standards and practices will make portions of these specifications obsolete.
Date:
October 1996
Creator:
Sluder, S.; Larsen, R. & Duoba, M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
An economic and legal perspective on electric utility transition costs
The issue of possibly unrecoverable cost incurred by a utility, or `stranded costs,` has emerged as a major obstacle to developing a competitive generation market. Stranded or transition costs are defined as costs incurred by a utility to serve its customers that were being recovered in rates but are no longer due to availability of lower-priced alternative suppliers. The idea of `stranded cost,` and more importantly arguments for its recovery, is a concept with little basis in economic theory, legal precedence, or precedence in other deregulated industries. The main argument recovery is that the ``regulatory compact`` requires it. This is based on the misconception that the regulator compact is simply: the utility incurs costs on behalf of its customers because of the ``obligation to serve`` so, therefore, customers are obligated to pay. This is a mischaracterization of what the compact was and how it developed. Another argument is that recovery is required for economic efficiency. This presumes, however, a very narrow definition of efficiency based on preventing ``uneconomic`` bypass of the utility and that utilities minimize costs. A broader definition of efficiency and the likelihood of cost inefficiencies in the industry suggest that the cost imposed on customers from inhibiting …
Date:
July 1, 1996
Creator:
Rose, K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Toward a competitive electric power industry for the 21. century. Comprehensive Review of the Northwest Energy System final report
This report contains a review of the activities and the recommendations of the Steering Committee of the Comprehensive Review of the Northwest Energy System. The topics of the report include a summary of recommendations; federal power marketing; preserving the benefits of low-cost hydropower for the Northwest; Columbia River System governance; reflecting the values and meeting the needs of northwest citizens through conservation, renewable resources and low-income energy services; ensuring the benefits of competition for all by consumer access to the competitive market; open-access power transmission for competion in generation; and the future power system role for a four-state regional body. An appendix contains a dissenting opinion.
Date:
December 12, 1996
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library