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Characterization of surfactants in the presence of oil for steam foam application
The steam foam process has been applied in the oil fields since the late 1970`s. The mechanism of the process, however, is not known fully; particularly the detrimental effects of oil on foam, while known, are still unexplained. Understanding the mechanisms of foam generation, stability, and mobility of foam to improve the development of field level projects has been the focus of the attention of many workers of the oil industry. Extensive laboratory studies have been carried out, mostly without oil but some with oil. This study falls in the later category. A one dimensional sandpack (6 ft X 2.15 in) model is used to investigate the behavior of four anionic sulfonate surfactants of varying chemical structure with steam. The study is performed with an crude oil at residual oil saturation of about 12 percent of the pore volume. The observed pressure drops across the various sections of the pack are used to study the behavior of the surfactant. The tested surfactants vary in chain length, aromatic structure and number of ionic charges. A linear toluene sulfonate produced the highest strength foam in presence of the oil at residual saturations, as compared to the alpha olefin sulfonates. This is in …
Date:
December 1, 1992
Creator:
Abdul-Razzaq & Castanier, L. M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Characterization of surfactants in the presence of oil for steam foam application
The steam foam process has been applied in the oil fields since the late 1970's. The mechanism of the process, however, is not known fully; particularly the detrimental effects of oil on foam, while known, are still unexplained. Understanding the mechanisms of foam generation, stability, and mobility of foam to improve the development of field level projects has been the focus of the attention of many workers of the oil industry. Extensive laboratory studies have been carried out, mostly without oil but some with oil. This study falls in the later category. A one dimensional sandpack (6 ft X 2.15 in) model is used to investigate the behavior of four anionic sulfonate surfactants of varying chemical structure with steam. The study is performed with an crude oil at residual oil saturation of about 12 percent of the pore volume. The observed pressure drops across the various sections of the pack are used to study the behavior of the surfactant. The tested surfactants vary in chain length, aromatic structure and number of ionic charges. A linear toluene sulfonate produced the highest strength foam in presence of the oil at residual saturations, as compared to the alpha olefin sulfonates. This is in …
Date:
December 1, 1992
Creator:
Abdul-Razzaq & Castanier, L.M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Native American fishery issues: Hanford involvement in evaluation of the Zone 6 fishery
Native American fishers are concerned about the deteriorating quality of salmon and other fish caught from the Columbia River. They fear salmon are not healthy and that eating the fish could Jeopardize the health of Native Americans. In 1991, the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL). with the assistance of the Yakima Indian Nation (YIN). monitored the salmon and steelhead fishery in the lower Columbia River (Zone 6 fishery). PNL biologists set up a hot-line'' for Native American fishers to call if they caught fish they suspected were diseased or contaminated. Fish reported to the hot-line were examined by a fish disease pathologist. Additionally. PNL and YIN staff reviewed water-quality data of the lower Columbia River. Water-quality data collected from 1949 through 1990. Results are described.
Date:
July 1, 1992
Creator:
Abernethy, C.S.; Neitzel, D.A. (Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA (United States)) & Strom, G. (Yakima Indian Nation, Toppenish, WA (United States))
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Results of Geothermal Gradient Core Hole TCB-1, Tecuamburro Volcano Geothermal Site, Guatemala, Central America
Results of geological, volcanological, hydrogeochemical, and geophysical field studies conducted in 1988 and 1989 at the Tecuamburro volcano geothermal site in Guatemala indicated that there is a substantial shallow heat source beneath the area of youngest volcanism. To obtain information on subsurface temperatures and temperature gradients, stratigraphy, hydrothermal alteration, fracturing, and possible inflows of hydrothermal fluids, a geothermal gradient core hole (TCB-1) was drilled to 808 m low on the northern flank of the Tecuamburro volcano Complex, 300 km south of a 300-m-diameter phreatic crater, Laguna Ixpaco, dated at 2,910 years. Gases from acid-sulfate springs near Laguna Ixpaco consistently yield maximum estimated subsurface temperatures of 250--300{degrees}C. The temperature versus depth curve from TCB-1 does not show isothermal conditions and the calculated thermal gradients from 500--800 m is 230{degrees}C/km. Bottom hole temperature is 238{degrees}C. Calculated heat flow values are nearly 9 heat flow units (HFU). The integration of results from the TCB-1 gradient core hole with results from field studies provides strong evidence that the Tecuamburro area holds great promise for containing a commercial geothermal resource.
Date:
February 1, 1992
Creator:
Adams, A. I.; Chipera, S.; Counce, D.; Gardner, J.; Goff, S.; Goff, F. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Environmental restoration/waste management-applied technology semiannual report, January--June 1992. Volume 1, No. 1
This is the first issue from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory of The Environmental Restoration/Waste Management-Applied Technology (ER/WM-AT) Semiannual Report, a continuation of the Advanced Processing Technology (APT) Semiannual Report. The name change reflects the consolidation of the APT Program with the Environmental Restoration and Waste Management Program to form the Environmental Restoration/Waste Management-Applied Technology (ER/WM-AT) Program. The Livermore site mirrors, on a small scale, many of the environmental and waste management problems of the DOE Complex. The six articles in this issue cover incineration- alternative technologies, process development for waste minimization, the proposed Mixed Waste Management Facility, dynamic underground stripping, electrical resistance tomography, and Raman spectroscopy for remote characterization of underground tanks.
Date:
December 31, 1992
Creator:
Adamson, M. & Kline-Simon, K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Sharp-Tailed Grouse and Pygmy Rabbit Wildlife Mitigation Project : Final Environmental Assessment.
The Proposed Action is needed to protect and enhance shrub-steppe and riparian habitat for sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus), Pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis), and other indigenous wildlife species. The purpose of the Proposed Action is to compensate, in part, for wildlife habitat lost from the construction of Grand Coulee Dam and the inundation of Lake Roosevelt. Bonneville Power Administration proposes to fund management agreements, conservation easements, acquisition of fee title, or a combination of these on as many as 29,000 acres in Lincoln and Douglas Counties to improve shrub-steppe and riparian habitat for sharp-tailed grouse and pygmy rabbits. The BPA also proposes to fund habitat improvements (enhancements) on project lands including existing public lands. Proposed habitat treatments would include control of grazing; planting of native trees, shrubs, forbs and grasses; protection of wetlands and streambanks; herbicide use; fire prescriptions; and wildfire suppression. Proposed management activities may include predator control, population introductions, and control of crop depredation.
Date:
October 1, 1992
Creator:
Adminsitration., Untied States. Bonneville Power
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Chemical composition profiles during alkaline flooding at different temperatures and extended residence times
The objective of this work was to investigate whether or not caustic sweeps the major portion of the reservoir efficiently during an alkaline flood process. It was also the objective of this work to study the state of final equilibrium during a caustic flood through determination of the pH and chemical composition profiles along the porous medium. For this purpose, a long porous medium which provided extended residence times was required. It was necessary to set up the porous medium such that the changes in the pH and chemical composition of the solution could be monitored. Four Berea sandstone cores (8 in. length and1 in. diameter) placed in series provided the desired length and the opportunity for sampling in-between cores. This enabled establishment of pH and chemical composition profiles. The experiments were run at, temperatures up.to 180{degrees}C, and the flow rates varied from 4.8 to 0.2 ft/day. The samples were analyzed for pH and for Si and Al concentrations.The results show that caustic consumption is insignificant for temperatures up to 100{degrees}C. Above 100{degrees}C consumption increases and is accompanied by a significant decrease in pH. The sharp decline in pH also coincides with a sharp decline in concentration of silica in …
Date:
December 1, 1992
Creator:
Aflaki, R. & Handy, L. L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Chemical composition profiles during alkaline flooding at different temperatures and extended residence times
The objective of this work was to investigate whether or not caustic sweeps the major portion of the reservoir efficiently during an alkaline flood process. It was also the objective of this work to study the state of final equilibrium during a caustic flood through determination of the pH and chemical composition profiles along the porous medium. For this purpose, a long porous medium which provided extended residence times was required. It was necessary to set up the porous medium such that the changes in the pH and chemical composition of the solution could be monitored. Four Berea sandstone cores (8 in. length and1 in. diameter) placed in series provided the desired length and the opportunity for sampling in-between cores. This enabled establishment of pH and chemical composition profiles. The experiments were run at, temperatures up.to 180[degrees]C, and the flow rates varied from 4.8 to 0.2 ft/day. The samples were analyzed for pH and for Si and Al concentrations.The results show that caustic consumption is insignificant for temperatures up to 100[degrees]C. Above 100[degrees]C consumption increases and is accompanied by a significant decrease in pH. The sharp decline in pH also coincides with a sharp decline in concentration of silica in …
Date:
December 1, 1992
Creator:
Aflaki, R. & Handy, L. L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analytical and experimental evaluation of joining ceramic oxides to ceramic oxides and ceramic oxides to metal for advanced heat engine applications
The problem of designing reliable, high strength zirconia-to-zirconia and zirconia-to-nodular cast iron joints is addressed by developing a general joint design and assessment methodology. A joint's load carrying capability is predicted in terms of its material strength and fracture toughness characteristics. The effects of joint constituent properties and joining process variables are included. The methodology is verified in a two step process by applying it first to notched bend bars and then to a notched disk specimen loaded in compression. Key technical accomplishments in the program include the development of a joint design and assessment methodology which predicts failure based on a combination of strength and toughness, the development of a new method of hot forging magnesia partially stabilized zirconia to itself, and the development of a bimaterial disk-shaped specimen notched along the diametral bond line and compressively loaded to generate both shear and tensile loadings on the bond line. Mechanical and thermal characterization of joints, adherents, and interlayer materials were performed to provide data for input to the design methodology. Results from over 150 room temperature tests and 30 high temperature tests are reported. Extensive comparisons of experimental results are made with model predictions of failure load. The joint …
Date:
April 1, 1992
Creator:
Ahmad, J.; Majumdar, B.; Rosenfield, A. R.; Swartz, S. L.; Cawley, J.; Park, E. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analytical and experimental evaluation of joining ceramic oxides to ceramic oxides and ceramic oxides to metal for advanced heat engine applications. Final report
The problem of designing reliable, high strength zirconia-to-zirconia and zirconia-to-nodular cast iron joints is addressed by developing a general joint design and assessment methodology. A joint`s load carrying capability is predicted in terms of its material strength and fracture toughness characteristics. The effects of joint constituent properties and joining process variables are included. The methodology is verified in a two step process by applying it first to notched bend bars and then to a notched disk specimen loaded in compression. Key technical accomplishments in the program include the development of a joint design and assessment methodology which predicts failure based on a combination of strength and toughness, the development of a new method of hot forging magnesia partially stabilized zirconia to itself, and the development of a bimaterial disk-shaped specimen notched along the diametral bond line and compressively loaded to generate both shear and tensile loadings on the bond line. Mechanical and thermal characterization of joints, adherents, and interlayer materials were performed to provide data for input to the design methodology. Results from over 150 room temperature tests and 30 high temperature tests are reported. Extensive comparisons of experimental results are made with model predictions of failure load. The joint …
Date:
April 1, 1992
Creator:
Ahmad, J.; Majumdar, B.; Rosenfield, A. R.; Swartz, S. L.; Cawley, J.; Park, E. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Tracings, Volume 11, Number 1, February 1992
Newsletter of the the Anderson County Genealogical Society containing genealogical information such as generation charts, family histories, and lists of records (births, deaths, church records, etc.).
Date:
February 1992
Creator:
Anderson County Genealogical Society
Object Type:
Journal/Magazine/Newsletter
System:
The Portal to Texas History
An evaluation of thermal energy storage options for precooling gas turbine inlet air
Several approaches have been used to reduce the temperature of gas turbine inlet air. One of the most successful uses off-peak electric power to drive vapor-compression-cycle ice makers. The ice is stored until the next time high ambient temperature is encountered, when the ice is used in a heat exchanger to cool the gas turbine inlet air. An alternative concept would use seasonal thermal energy storage to store winter chill for inlet air cooling. The objective of this study was to compare the performance and economics of seasonal thermal energy storage in aquifers with diurnal ice thermal energy storage for gas turbine inlet air cooling. The investigation consisted of developing computer codes to model the performance of a gas turbine, energy storage system, heat exchangers, and ancillary equipment. The performance models were combined with cost models to calculate unit capital costs and levelized energy costs for each concept. The levelized energy cost was calculated for three technologies in two locations (Minneapolis, Minnesota and Birmingham, Alabama). Precooling gas turbine inlet air with cold water supplied by an aquifer thermal energy storage system provided lower cost electricity than simply increasing the size of the turbine for meteorological and geological conditions existing in …
Date:
December 1, 1992
Creator:
Antoniak, Z. I.; Brown, D. R. & Drost, M. K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
An evaluation of thermal energy storage options for precooling gas turbine inlet air
Several approaches have been used to reduce the temperature of gas turbine inlet air. One of the most successful uses off-peak electric power to drive vapor-compression-cycle ice makers. The ice is stored until the next time high ambient temperature is encountered, when the ice is used in a heat exchanger to cool the gas turbine inlet air. An alternative concept would use seasonal thermal energy storage to store winter chill for inlet air cooling. The objective of this study was to compare the performance and economics of seasonal thermal energy storage in aquifers with diurnal ice thermal energy storage for gas turbine inlet air cooling. The investigation consisted of developing computer codes to model the performance of a gas turbine, energy storage system, heat exchangers, and ancillary equipment. The performance models were combined with cost models to calculate unit capital costs and levelized energy costs for each concept. The levelized energy cost was calculated for three technologies in two locations (Minneapolis, Minnesota and Birmingham, Alabama). Precooling gas turbine inlet air with cold water supplied by an aquifer thermal energy storage system provided lower cost electricity than simply increasing the size of the turbine for meteorological and geological conditions existing in …
Date:
December 1, 1992
Creator:
Antoniak, Z. I.; Brown, D. R. & Drost, M. K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Correlation of the Na/K ratio in geothermal well waters with the thermodynamic properties of low albite and potash feldspar
The Na/K ratio in geothermal well waters provides a better estimate of the relative stability of low albite and potash feldspar than do predictions from calorimetry and high temperature phase equilibria. The calculated saturation indices from field data for low albite, potash feldspar suggest that {Delta}G{sub f,298}{sup o} for the latter should be revised to {minus}3748.6{plus_minus}3.7 kJ.mol{sup {minus}1}.
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
Apps, J. A. & Chang, G. M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Correlation of the Na/K Ratio in Geothermal Well Waters With the Thermodynamic Properties of Low Albite and Potash Feldspar
The Na/K ratio in geothermal well waters provides a better estimate of the relative stability of low albite and potash feldspar than do predictions from calorimetry and high temperature phase equilibria. The calculated saturation indices from field data for low albite, potash feldspar suggest that [Delta]G[sub f,298][sup o] for the latter should be revised to [minus]3748.6[plus minus]3.7 kJ.mol[sup [minus]1].
Date:
March 1, 1992
Creator:
Apps, J. A. & Chang, G. M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Production diagnostics of geothermal wells by means of a computerized expert system
Diagnostic of production problems in geothermal wells is a complex inferential task, which requires considerable knowledge of its possible causes, careful assessment of (sometimes bewildering) multidisciplinary evidence, and, of course, enough experience. These characteristics make this task a good candidate for a computerized expert system. On this conviction, we have developed the first version of WELL-DR, an expert system for geothermal-well production diagnostics. Though still in a rapid stage of evolution, this expert system already provides a convenient and useful tool for geothermal field development, operation and management.
Date:
January 1, 1992
Creator:
Arellano, Victor M. & Iglesias, Eduardo R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Chemical Technology Division Annual Technical Report: 1991
Annual report of the Argonne National Laboratory Chemical Technology Division (CMT) discussing the group's activities during 1991. These included electrochemical technology; fossil fuel research; hazardous waste research; nuclear waste programs; separation science and technology; integral fast reactor pyrochemical processes; actinite recovery; applied physical chemistry; basic chemistry research; analytical chemistry; research and development; and computer applications.
Date:
March 1992
Creator:
Argonne National Laboratory. Chemical Technology Division.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Physics Division Annual Review: April 1, 1991-March 31, 1992
Annual report of activities of the Argonne National Laboratory Physics Division, including research at ATLAS, medium-energy nuclear physics and weak interactions, theoretical nuclear physics, and atomic and nuclear physics research.
Date:
August 1992
Creator:
Argonne National Laboratory. Physics Division.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The long term observed effect of air and water injection into a fracture hydrothermal system
Injection of atmospheric air mixed with waste reinjection liquid, has been occurring since 1982 at the Los Azufres, Mexico volcanic hydrothermal system. Several chemical and thermodynamical evidences show that air injection into this fractured geothermal field, could be considered as a long term natural tracer test. Nitrogen and Argon separated from the air mixture migrate from reinjection wells to production zones following preferential paths closely related to high permeability conduits. These paths can be detected, looking into the N2 solubility evolution of production wells. The anisotropic nature of the fractured volcanic rock, would demand considerably amounts of artificial tracer in order to be detected at the producing wells, specially when fluid extraction is low. This explains the unsuccessful recovery of the artificial tracer tests performed in past years at Tejamaniles, the southern field's sector. On the other hand, chloride concentrations and other salts, are increasing in the liquid produced by the oldest wells of the sector.
Date:
January 1, 1992
Creator:
Arriaga, Mario Cesar Suarez; Lopez, Mirna Tello; Rio, Luis de & Puente, Hector Gutierrez
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Grand Coulee Dam Wildlife Mitigation Program : Sharp-Tailed Grouse Programmatic Management Plan, Tracy Rock Vicinity, Lincoln County, Washington.
None
Date:
June 1, 1992
Creator:
Ashley, Paul
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
[Evolution of Sedimentary Basins--San Juan Basin: Chapters J and K]
From introduction to each respective report: Report J summarizes the results of several studies concerning the stratigraphy and sedimentology of uppermost Jurassic to lowermost Upper Cretaceous rocks in the San Juan basin and adjacent areas. Report K describes using X-ray diffraction techniques to determine the occurrence and distribution of clay minerals in the upper part of the Brushy Basin Member and in the Burro Canyon Formation in the Four Corners area.
Date:
1992
Creator:
Aubrey, William M. & Skipp, Gary
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Potential environmental effects of energy conservation measures in northwest industries
The Bonneville Power Administration (Bonneville) has identified 101 plants in the Pacific Northwest that account for 80% of the region's industrial electricity consumption. These plants offer a precise target for a conservation program. PNL determined that most of these 101 plants were represented by 11 major industries. We then reviewed 36 major conservation technologies used in these 11 industrial settings to determine their potential environmental impacts. Energy efficiency technologies designed for industrial use may result in direct or indirect environmental impacts. Effects may result from the production of the conservation measure technology, changes in the working environment due to different energy and material requirements, or changes to waste streams. Industry type, work-place conditions, worker training, and environmental conditions inside and outside the plant are all key variables that may affect environmental outcomes. To address these issues this report has three objectives: Describe potential conservation measures that Bonneville may employ in industrial programs and discuss potential primary impacts. Characterize industrial systems and processes where the measure may be employed and describe general environmental issues associated with each industry type. Review environmental permitting, licensing, and other regulatory actions required for industries and summarize the type of information available from these sources for …
Date:
January 1, 1992
Creator:
Baechler, M C; Gygi, K F & Hendrickson, P L
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Evaluating the technical aspects of mixed waste treatment technologies
This report discusses treatment of mixed wastes which is thought to be more complicated than treatment of either hazardous or radioactive wastes. In fact, the treatment itself is no more complicated: however, the regulations that define acceptability of the final waste disposal system are significantly more entangled, and sometimes in apparent conflict. This session explores the factors that influence the choice of waste treatment technologies, and expands on some of the limitations to their application. The objective of the presentation is to describe the technical factors that influence potential treatment processes and the ramifications associated with particular selections (for example, the generation of secondary waste streams). These collectively provide a framework for making informed treatment process selections.
Date:
October 1, 1992
Creator:
Bagaasen, L. M. & Scott, P. A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Evaluating the technical aspects of mixed waste treatment technologies
This report discusses treatment of mixed wastes which is thought to be more complicated than treatment of either hazardous or radioactive wastes. In fact, the treatment itself is no more complicated: however, the regulations that define acceptability of the final waste disposal system are significantly more entangled, and sometimes in apparent conflict. This session explores the factors that influence the choice of waste treatment technologies, and expands on some of the limitations to their application. The objective of the presentation is to describe the technical factors that influence potential treatment processes and the ramifications associated with particular selections (for example, the generation of secondary waste streams). These collectively provide a framework for making informed treatment process selections.
Date:
October 1, 1992
Creator:
Bagaasen, L.M. & Scott, P.A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library