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Chronicles of Oklahoma
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Proceedings of the Eleventh Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering
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Proceedings of the New Zealand Geothermal Workshop
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Mineral transformation and biomass accumulation associated with uranium bioremediation at Rifle, Colorado
Injection of organic carbon into the subsurface as an electron donor for bioremediation of redox-sensitive contaminants like uranium often leads to mineral transformation and biomass accumulation, both of which can alter the flow field and potentially bioremediation efficacy. This work combines reactive transport modeling with a column experiment and field measurements to understand the biogeochemical processes and to quantify the biomass and mineral transformation/accumulation during a bioremediation experiment at a uranium contaminated site near Rifle, Colorado. We use the reactive transport model CrunchFlow to explicitly simulate microbial community dynamics of iron and sulfate reducers, and their impacts on reaction rates. The column experiment shows clear evidence of mineral precipitation, primarily in the form of calcite and iron monosulfide. At the field scale, reactive transport simulations suggest that the biogeochemical reactions occur mostly close to the injection wells where acetate concentrations are highest, with mineral precipitate and biomass accumulation reaching as high as 1.5% of the pore space. This work shows that reactive transport modeling coupled with field data can be an effective tool for quantitative estimation of mineral transformation and biomass accumulation, thus improving the design of bioremediation strategies.
Date:
April 20, 2009
Creator:
Li, L.; Steefel, C. I.; Williams, K. H.; Wilkins, M. J. & Hubbard, S. S.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Properties of geopressured brines and wells in the Gulf Coast and opportunities for industrial/research participation
Geopressured reservoirs exhibit pressure gradients in excess of the normal hydrostatic gradient. (In the Gulf Coast area the normal gradient is 0.465 psi/ft.) Pressures may approach lithostatic pressure and have been measured as high as 1.05 psi/ft in the Gulf Coast area. Geopressured basins exist worldwide and in a number of US locations, east, west, north and south. The Gulf Coast area has been studied extensively and is the subject of the DOE geopressured-geothermal research at present. Present industrial interest in the Pleasant Bayou and Hulin wells include: desalination plants, an economic study by a power company for regional use, use of generated electricity by a coalition of towns, aquaculture (catfish farming) research program, and an unsolicited proposal for enhanced oil recovery of heavy oil. Direct uses of the hot brine cover dozens of industries and processes. An example of multiple uses in the USSR is shown. A research spin-off: a sensitive in-line benzene monitor has been designed by USL and will be tested in the near future. An in-line pH monitor is also under development for the harsh conditions of the geopressured-geothermal wells. 24 refs., 12 figs.
Date:
January 1, 1989
Creator:
Negus-de Wys, J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A lattice gas automata model for heterogeneous chemical reactions at mineral surfaces and in pore networks
A lattice gas automata (LGA) model is described, which couples solute transport with chemical reactions at mineral surfaces and in pore networks. Chemical reactions and transport are integrated into a FHP-I LGA code as a module so that the approach is readily transportable to other codes. Diffusion in a box calculations are compared to finite element Fickian diffusion results and provide an approach to quantifying space-time ratios of the models. Chemical reactions at solid surfaces, including precipitation/dissolution, sorption, and catalytic reaction, can be examined with the model because solute diffusion and mineral surface processes are all treated explicitly. The simplicity and flexibility of the LGA approach provides the ability to study the interrelationship between fluid flow and chemical reactions in porous materials, at a level of complexity that has not previously been computationally possible. 20 refs., 8 figs.
Date:
January 15, 1990
Creator:
Wells, J. T.; Janecky, D. R. & Travis, Bryan J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Risk analyses for disposing of nonhazardous oil field wastes in salt caverns
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) has completed an evaluation of the possibility that adverse human health effects (carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic) could result from exposure to contaminants released from nonhazardous oil field wastes (NOW) disposed of in domal salt caverns. In this assessment, several steps were used to evaluate potential human health risks: identifying potential contaminants of concern; determining how humans could be exposed to these contaminants; assessing the contaminants` toxicities; estimating contaminant intakes; and, finally, calculating human cancer and noncancer risks. Potential human health risks associated with hazardous substances (arsenic, benzene, cadmium, and chromium) in NOW were assessed under four postclosure cavern release scenarios: inadvertent cavern intrusion, failure of the cavern seal, failure of the cavern through cracks or leaky interbeds, and a partial collapse of the cavern roof. To estimate potential human health risks for these scenarios, contaminant concentrations at the receptor were calculated using a one-dimensional solution to an advection/dispersion equation that included first order degradation. Even under worst-case conditions, the risks have been found to be within the US EPA target range for acceptable exposure levels. From a human health risk perspective, salt caverns can provide an acceptable disposal method for NOW.
Date:
September 1, 1997
Creator:
Tomasko, D.; Elcock, D. & Veil, J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Numerical modeling of injection and mineral trapping of CO2 withH2S and SO2 in a Sandstone Formation
Carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) injection into deep geologic formations could decrease the atmospheric accumulation of this gas from anthropogenic sources. Furthermore, by co-injecting H{sub 2}S or SO{sub 2}, the products respectively of coal gasification or combustion, with captured CO{sub 2}, problems associated with surface disposal would be mitigated. We developed models that simulate the co-injection of H{sub 2}S or SO{sub 2} with CO{sub 2} into an arkose formation at a depth of about 2 km and 75 C. The hydrogeology and mineralogy of the injected formation are typical of those encountered in Gulf Coast aquifers of the United States. Six numerical simulations of a simplified 1-D radial region surrounding the injection well were performed. The injection of CO{sub 2} alone or co-injection with SO{sub 2} or H{sub 2}S results in a concentrically zoned distribution of secondary minerals surrounding a leached and acidified region adjacent to the injection well. Co-injection of SO{sub 2} with CO{sub 2} results in a larger and more strongly acidified zone, and alteration differs substantially from that caused by the co-injection of H{sub 2}S or injection of CO{sub 2} alone. Precipitation of carbonates occurs within a higher pH (pH > 5) peripheral zone. Significant quantities of CO{sub …
Date:
September 7, 2004
Creator:
Xu, Tianfu; Apps, John A.; Pruess, Karsten & Yamamoto, Hajime
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analytical Model for Radial Injection of NORM With a Step-Function Source
This paper presents information on a model used to analyze the underground injection of wastes containing naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). This model uses a step-function contaminant source, which models intermittent NORM injection in a continuous brine injection well. The governing equations are presented and transformed into Laplace space, where the equations are solved. The numerical inversion of this solution is detailed. The model is cast in a nondimensional form such that a single model solution is valid for a large number of different field conditions. This paper also presents a case study that compares this analytical model to a simple mixing model for a field demonstration site in west Texas. This case study showed that at distances of more than 100 meters from the injection well, calculated subsurface NORM activities were lower than proposed US Environmental Protection Agency drinking water standards. The comparison also shows that the simple mixing model overpredicts activity levels close to the injection well and underpredicts activities further from the well.
Date:
December 31, 1997
Creator:
Williams, G. P.; Tomasko, D.; Smith, K. & Blunt, D.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Disposal of NORM-contaminated oil field wastes in salt caverns -- Legality, technical feasibility, economics, and risk
Some types of oil and gas production and processing wastes contain naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM). If NORM is present at concentrations above regulatory levels in oil field waste, the waste requires special disposal practices. The existing disposal options for wastes containing NORM are limited and costly. This paper evaluates the legality, technical feasibility, economics, and human health risk of disposing of NORM-contaminated oil field wastes in salt caverns. Cavern disposal of NORM waste is technically feasible and poses a very low human health risk. From a legal perspective, there are no fatal flaws that would prevent a state regulatory agency from approaching cavern disposal of NORM. On the basis of the costs charged by caverns currently used for disposal of nonhazardous oil field waste (NOW), NORM waste disposal caverns could be cost competitive with existing NORM waste disposal methods when regulatory agencies approve the practice.
Date:
July 1, 1998
Creator:
Veil, J. A.; Smith, K. P.; Tomasko, D.; Elcock, D.; Blunt, D. & Williams, G. P.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Disposal of NORM waste in salt caverns
Some types of oil and gas production and processing wastes contain naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM). If NORM is present at concentrations above regulatory levels in oil field waste, the waste requires special disposal practices. The existing disposal options for wastes containing NORM are limited and costly. This paper evaluates the legality, technical feasibility, economics, and human health risk of disposing of NORM-contaminated oil field wastes in salt caverns. Cavern disposal of NORM waste is technically feasible and poses a very low human health risk. From a legal perspective, there are no fatal flaws that would prevent a state regulatory agency from approving cavern disposal of NORM. On the basis of the costs charged by caverns currently used for disposal of nonhazardous oil field waste (NOW), NORM waste disposal caverns could be cost competitive with existing NORM waste disposal methods when regulatory agencies approve the practice.
Date:
July 1, 1998
Creator:
Veil, J. A.; Smith, K. P.; Tomasko, D.; Elcock, D.; Blunt, D. & Williams, G. P.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Clay-mineral fabrics and chemistry in Salton Trough geothermal fields
Fluid production from, and hence the economic viability of, a geothermal field is related to the amount of clay minerals in the caprock and in the reservoir rocks. In both the East Mesa and Cerro Prieto fields in the Salton Trough of southern California, United States, and Baja California, Mexico, scanning electron micrography (SEM) has vividly documented the role of clay fabrics in deltaic quartz-sandstone reservoirs. For example, in East Mesa well 78-30 at 1630 m depth in a zone of quartz dissolution, the clay present in pores exhibits an irregular, crenulate, honeycomb fabric and has the following composition from energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX): Si 61%, Al 25%, Fe 20%, Na 6%, K 2%, and Mg 1%. Platy clusters of clay (kaolinite) in Cerro Prieto well T-366 at 2522 m in a 300/sup 0/C geothermal aquifer were analyzed as: Si 62%, Al 25%, Mg 6%, and Fe 1%. In other samples, illite takes the form of wispy fibers whose intertwined ends form bridges across pores. These clay fabrics appear to reduce permeability significantly by clogging the pore throats, even though dissolution porosity ranges from 25 to 35%. Nineteen wells have been studied to date.
Date:
July 1, 1981
Creator:
Haar, S.V.; Wolgemuth, K. & Schatz, J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Multiwell experiment: Overview
This field laboratory has been established about 7 mi southwest of Rifle, Colorado. Here the Mesaverde formation lies at a depth of 4000 to 8250 ft. This interval contains different, distinct reservoir types depending upon their depositional environments. These different zones serve as the focus of the various testing and stimulation programs. One key to the Multiwell Experiment is three closely spaced wells. Their 110 to 215 ft separation at depth is less than the nominal dimensions of the lenses in the area. Core, log, well testing, and well-to-well seismic data are providing a far better definition of the geological setting than has been available previously. Comprehensive logging and core analysis programs were conducted. The closely spaced wells also allow interference and tracer tests to obtain in situ reservoir parameters. The vertical variation of in situ stress throughout the intervals of interest is being measured. A series of stimulation experiments is being conducted in one well and the other two wells are being used as observation wells for improved fracture diagnostics and well testing. Another key to achieving the Multiwell Experiment objectives is the synergism resulting from a broad spectrum of activities: geophysical surveys, sedimentological studies, core and log analyses, …
Date:
January 1, 1987
Creator:
Lorenz, J. C.; Sattler, A. R.; Warpinski, N. R.; Thorne, B. J. & Branagan, P. T.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Microseismic monitoring of the Chaveroo oil field, New Mexico
Microseismicity was monitored in the Chaveroo oil field in southeastern New Mexico during, and for 5 weeks following, a pressurized stimulation of a well being prepared as an injector for a water flood operation. Three-thousand barrels of water were injected into the reservoir over a 5.5-hour period. Little seismicity was detected during the stimulation. Intermittent monitoring over a 5-week period following the injection indicated detectable seismicity occurring with activity levels varying in time. The most active period recorded occurred just after production resumed in the immediate area of the monitor well. Mapping the microearthquakes using the hodogram technique indicates the events occur along linear trends which corroborate known structural trends of the field. Seismicity trends were defined both parallel and perpendicular to the regionally defined maximum horizontal stress direction. Seventy-three good quality events were recorded, in a cumulative 24 hour period, from which structures were mapped up to 3000 ft from the monitor well. 13 refs., 9 figs.
Date:
February 6, 1990
Creator:
Rutledge, J. T. & Albright, J. N.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A method for permanent CO2 mineral carbonation
The Albany Research Center (ARC) of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has been conducting research to investigate the feasibility of mineral carbonation as a method for carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration. The research is part of a Mineral Carbonation Study Program within the Office of Fossil Energy in DOE. Other participants in this Program include DOE?s Los Alamos National Laboratory and National Energy Technology Laboratory, Arizona State University, and Science Applications International Corporation. The research has focused on ex-situ mineral carbonation in an aqueous system. The process developed at ARC reacts a slurry of magnesium silicate mineral with supercritical CO2 to produce a solid magnesium carbonate product. To date, olivine and serpentine have been used as the mineral reactant, but other magnesium silicates could be used as well. The process is designed to simulate the natural serpentinization reaction of ultramafic minerals, and consequently, these results may also be applicable to strategies for in-situ geological sequestration. Baseline tests were begun in distilled water on ground products of foundry-grade olivine. Tests conducted at 150 C and subcritical CO2 pressures (50 atm) resulted in very slow conversion to carbonate. Increasing the partial pressure of CO2 to supercritical (>73 atm) conditions, coupled with agitation …
Date:
January 1, 2000
Creator:
Dahlin, David C.; O'Connor, William K.; Nilsen, David N.; Rush, G.E.; Walters, Richard P. & Turner, Paul C.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Advanced turbodrills for geothermal wells
The development of a new high-temperature, 350/sup 0/C advanced turbodrill for use in drilling geothermal wells is underway. Existing downhole drilling motors are temperature limited because of elastomeric degradation at elevated temperature. The new turbodrill contains high-torque turbine blades and improved seals which allow higher bit pressure drops. This new geothermal turbodrill which is designed for improved directional drilling offers economic alternatives for completing geothermal wells. The advanced turbodrill will be tested in the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory's hot dry rock geothermal wells.
Date:
January 1, 1978
Creator:
Maurer, W. C.; Rowley, J. C. & Carwile, C.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Chemical logging of geothermal wells
The determination of the change in chemical composition of the diluted drill fluid and its separation from the chemical background contributed by the drill fluid, drill mud, and other aquifer leakage is the essence of the chemical log. Samples of the drill fluid were collected for chemical analysis at certain times during the drilling operations. The chemical logging study of the geothermal wells is described. (MHR)
Date:
April 1, 1979
Creator:
McAtee, R. E.; Allen, C. A. & Lewis, L. C.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Mineralogy and Distribution of Hydrothermal Mineral Zones in Los Azufres (Mexico) Geothermal Field
General features of the geometry of Los Azufres reservoir have been defined through the mapping of hydrothermal mineral alteration zones. Hydrothermal alteration has been studied in cuttings and drill cores from most of the active wells. X-ray diffraction microprobe analysis and classical optical methods have been employed for the identification of primary and authigenic minerals in fresh and altered samples. Observed patterns of alteration have been correlated with temperature and patterns of fluid circulation. The resulting model depicts a body of geothermal fluid at depth, which ascends and discharges through two main fracture systems. These two circulation zones are characterized by concentric aureoles of increasing hydrothermal alteration towards quasivertical axes. The overall pattern could be described as a dome structure produced by the abnormal thermal gradient, distorted by the effects of active upward circulation of the fluids.
Date:
December 15, 1983
Creator:
Cathelineau, M.; Oliver, R.; Izquierdo, G.; Garfias, A.; Nieva, D. & Izaguirre, O.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Applications of mineral carbonation to geological sequestration of CO2
Geological sequestration of CO2 is a promising near-term sequestration methodology. However, migration of the CO2 beyond the natural reservoir seals could become problematic, thus the identification of means to enhance the natural seals could prove beneficial. Injection of a mineral reactant slurry could provide a means to enhance the natural reservoir seals by supplying the necessary cations for precipitation of mineral carbonates. The subject study evaluates the merit of several mineral slurry injection strategies by conduct of a series of laboratory-scale CO2 flood tests on whole core samples of the Mt. Simon sandstone from the Illinois Basin.
Date:
January 1, 2005
Creator:
O'Connor, William K. & Rush, G.E.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Lu tsa ka Le Ah ke ho "Can't Go Beyond": Alloting the Osage Reservation, 1906-1909
Article describes the efforts of the Osage Nation in the early 1900s to create their own system of allotment through the drafting of the Osage Allotment Act and subsequently carrying out its provisions. Louis F. Burns describes the way the tribe protected their territory, as well as the dangers they faced from those seeking the resources on their land.
Date:
Summer 1994
Creator:
Burns, Louis F.
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Subsurface steam sampling in Geysers wells
A new downhole sampling tool has been built for use in steam wells at The Geysers geothermal reservoir. The tool condenses specimens into an initially evacuated vessel that is opened down hole at the direction of an on-board computer. The tool makes a temperature log of the well as it is deployed, and the pressure and temperature of collected specimens are monitored for diagnostic purposes. Initial tests were encouraging, and the Department of Energy has funded an expanded effort that includes data gathering needed to develop a three-dimensional model of The Geysers geochemical environment. Collected data will be useful for understanding the origins of hydrogen chloride and non-condensable gases in the steam, as well as tracking the effect of injection on the composition of produced steam. Interested parties are invited to observe the work and to join the program.
Date:
January 1, 1997
Creator:
Lysne, P.; Koenig, B.; Hirtz, P.; Normann, R. & Henfling, J.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Closure of shallow underground injection wells
Shallow injection wells have long been used for disposing liquid wastes. Some of these wells have received hazardous or radioactive wastes. According to US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, Class IV wells are those injection wells through which hazardous or radioactive wastes are injected into or above an underground source of drinking water (USDW). These wells must be closed. Generally Class V wells are injection wells through which fluids that do not contain hazardous or radioactive wastes are injected into or above a USDW. Class V wells that are responsible for violations of drinking water regulations or that pose a threat to human health must also be closed. Although EPA regulations require closure of certain types of shallow injection wells, they do not provide specific details on the closure process. This paper describes the regulatory background, DOE requirements, and the steps in a shallow injection well closure process: Identification of wells needing closure; monitoring and disposal of accumulated substances; filling and sealing of wells; and remediation. In addition, the paper describes a major national EPA shallow injection well enforcement initiative, including closure plan guidance for wells used to dispose of wastes from service station operations.
Date:
October 1, 1993
Creator:
Veil, J. A. & Grunewald, B.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Drilling and early testing of a sidetrack from the slant hole completion test well
During the winter of 1990 to 1991, the Department of Energy evaluated several options to completing the originally-planned slant hole production tests. A decision was made to sidetrack the original hole and to redrill the 60 and 90{degrees} sections. The objectives for drilling the sidetrack to the original slant hole wellbore are as follows: (1) Test high angle and horizontal drilling and completion technologies as an alternative to vertical wells and hydraulic fracture treatments in tight, naturally-fractured reservoirs. (2) Production test the Cozzette open-hole interval into the pipeline to determine long-term gas productivity. (3) Production test selected paludal sandstones in the 60{degrees} section of the wellbore to determine long term gas productivity. A complex well path was designed to parallel the optimum northerly azimuth and the high angle-horizontal inclination program, but to directionally drill the lower wellbore 1000 ft to the east of the old hole. The hole displacement was planned to avoid formation damage from over 1500 barrels of drilling mud lost in the first well. Figure 1 presents the Mesaverde geologic column near the wellsite.
Date:
January 1, 1992
Creator:
Myal, F.R. & Branagan, P.T.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Predicting diagenetic history and reservoir quality in the Frio Formation of Brazoria County, Texas and Pleasant Bayou test wells
Good-quality geothermal reservoirs displaying secondary porosity exist on the upper Texas coast (Brazoria County), site of the Pleasant Bayou No. 1 and No. 2 wells, and are attributed to a moderately stable mineral assemblage, normal geothermal gradients, and low in situ pH. Major authigenic minerals are calcite, quartz, and kaolinite. Detrital feldspar has been extensively albitized at depth. Major diagenetic events overlapped, occurring in the general order-precipitation of calcite, formation of quartz overgrowths, albitization, leaching of calcite to form secondary porosity, and precipitation of kaolinite. Seventeen Brazoria County water analyses including two from the Pleasant Bayou No. 2 well were thermodynamically tested. Predictions based on equilibrium thermodynamics add new insight on mineral stabilities and are consistent with the paragenetic sequence developed from petrographic data. Early precipitation of calcite at shallow depths of burial is predicted. Low temperture and low in situ pH explain the general absence of chlorite. The use of solution-mineral equilibria as a predictor of reservoir quality is inconclusive, but well-defined clustering of waters indicates that identification of regional trends will probably be possible. Shallow waters may be the key to predicting reservoir quality at depth.
Date:
January 1, 1981
Creator:
Kaiser, W.R. & Richmann, D.L.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Horizontal drilling in the Lower Glen Rose Formation, Maverick County, Texas
This paper presents preliminary results of a project to assess the economic viability of horizontal drilling in the Lower Glen Rose Formation of Maverick County, Texas. This project is part of an ongoing Department of Energy investigation of directional drilling in the development of gas resources within the United States. The paper includes: project description; results covering geologic setting, reservoir engineering, and seismic surveys; and future work on drilling location selection, drilling, and well completion. (AT)
Date:
January 1, 1992
Creator:
Drimal, C. E. & Muncey, G.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Research in lost circulation control for geothermal wells
This paper reviews recent progress at Sandia National Laboratories in the area of lost circulation control for geothermal wells. The Lost Circulation Program has three major elements: (1) Detection and characterization of loss zones, (2) Development of new techniques and materials for control of loss zones, and (3) Integration of the first two items for wellsite application. Most of our work to date has been in the area of developing new techniques and materials. We report here on progress that has been made in the past two years in the development of new, pumpable cementitious muds, in situ mixing and placement of polyurethane foams, and fundamental analysis of and materials development for particulate lost circulation materials. Plans for work in the area of zone detection and characterization, including development of a transient, lost circulation hydraulics simulator and field zone characterization using an advanced wellbore televiewer, are discussed.
Date:
January 1, 1987
Creator:
Ortega, A.; Loeppke, G.E. & Givler, R.C.
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Production characteristics of some Cerro Prieto wells
An areal distribution of heat and mass production in the Cerro Prieto field has been presented for two different times to determine the initial state of the ..cap alpha.. and ..beta.. aquifers and the behavior of the field under production. It was found that, initially, the ..cap alpha.. and ..beta.. aquifers were hot and very hot respectively. Cold boundaries to the field were found to be located toward the west and northeast. Initially, fluid production from most wells was very high. M-53 and some wells southeast of Fault H produced very hot fluids at very high rates. Production from most wells declined over the years, possibly due to scaling in the wellbore, reduced recharge to the aquifer, high resistance to flow due to silica precipitation in the reservoir pores and/or relative permeability effects in the two-phase regions surrounding the wells. In most wells fluid enthalpies declined over the years, perhaps due to mixing with colder waters either drawn in from upper strata and/or from the cold lateral boundaries depending upon well location.
Date:
August 1, 1982
Creator:
Goyal, K. P.; Halfman, S. E.; Truesdell, A. H. & Howard, J. H.
System:
The UNT Digital Library