A bibliography of solar energy-related publications produced by Sandia Laboratories, arranged in broad subject category order, is presented.

This bibliography of reports, periodical arricles, and conference papers represents research carried out by Sandia Laboratories in energy and conservation. Within each of the approximately 300 entries, authors are listed alphabetically in each subject category. The following subjects are covered: Conservation, drilling technology, environment and safety, fossil energy, geothermal energy, nuclear energy, and solar energy. (MCW)

The present study indicates that the estimation of the gamma-ray strength function is the approach least subject to error when unmeasured capture cross sections are to be computed. An estimate is given for the /sup 88/..gamma..(n,..gamma..) cross section.

None

The 150 keV neutral beam test facility provides for the testing and development of neutral beam injectors and beam systems of the class that will be needed for the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) and The Next Step (TNS). The test facility can simulate a complete beam line injection system and can provide a wide range of experimental operating conditions. Herein is offered a general description of the facility's capabilities and a discussion of present system performance.

This status report to the Nuclear Data Committee from LLL summarizes work in the areas of standards, nuclear data applications, nuclear data for safeguards, and nuclear data compilation. A few of these papers, though brief, do contain data. 9 figures, 2 tables. (RWR)

Use of various metals as fluxes for releasing nitrogen from boron carbide in the Leco Nitrogen Determinator was investigated. Metals such as iron, chromium, and molybdenum that wet the graphite crucible all promoted nitrogen release. Tin, copper, aluminum, and platinum did not wet the graphite and were of no value as fluxes. A procedure for sample handling and the resulting performance of the method are described. The precision at 0.06 to 0.6 percent nitrogen averaged 4 percent relative standard deviation.

The data available on resuspension and ingestion as pathways of plutonium from soil to man were reviewed and a recommended limit based upon a conservative interpretation of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) recommendations for limiting values was derived. Wind resuspension appeared to be the least limiting value with mechanical resuspension and pica in children among the more important. Ingestion of foodstuffs could also be an important pathway if it is assumed that all food is produced in the contaminated area.

Four neutral beam lines have been designed, constructed, and tested by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in cooperation with the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) for application on the Princeton Large Torus (PLT) at PPPL. Two neutral beam lines are counterinjectors and two are coinjectors for a total neutral beam power of greater than 3 MW at 40 keV and up to 300 msec. Each beam line utilizes a 40-kV times 60-A modified duoPIGatron ion source with a close-coupled, 1.0-m long gas cell. Species ratios produced by the ion source are 84:13:3:E: E/2:E/3 for H/sup 0/ components delivered to the torus. The arc efficiency is less than 1 kW of arc power per ampere of beam current. Gas efficiency is approximately 50 percent with a total gas throughput of approximately 20 T-l/sec including supplemental gas to the gas cell. Two LHe cryocondensation pumps are used, one in the ion source tank with a speed of approximately 400,000 l/sec and the other in the drift tube with a speed of approximately 20,000 l/sec. The first beam line has been operated on PLT and has delivered 500 kW to the tokamak calorimeter for 150 msec. Initial heating results at 400 kW …

Systems ecology techniques have been useful in simulating the fate and dynamics of radionuclides in forest ecosystems. The applications of systems models in this context are twofold: projection of the time-dependent distribution of radioisotopes among various ecosystems components, and manipulation of the modeled system to determine the sensitivity of components to variation in transfer coefficients and, thereby, identify critical fluxes affecting system behavior. The present paper describes a systems model that projects the possible fate of plutonium in a deciduous forest ecosystem. The isotopes of interest are /sup 239/Pu and /sup 240/Pu which have physical half lives of 2.44 x 10/sup 4/ and 6540 years, respectively. These isotopes are indistinguishable by alpha spectrometry hence /sup 239/Pu is used to refer to both.

Resources for environmental research on the Oak Ridge Reservation are analogous to the highly complex, physical and engineering facilities of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Consequently, land and water resources have been committed to comprehensive research for the purpose of providing relevant, scientific insights on environmental problems associated with ERDA's programs. Diverse aquatic, terrestrial, and agricultural ecosystems are designated for short- and long-term research related to environmental impacts or benefits of different energy technologies. Examples of ecosystems employed in this research include hardwood and pine forests, grasslands and pastures, free-flowing streams and impounded reservoirs, field plots, contaminated environmental natural areas, an array of animal habitats, and calibrated watersheds. Some of the characteristic biota of habitat ecosystems are described in the document. Documentation and planning for use of these lands, waters, and biotic resources also respond to the broad issue of appropriate usage of Federal lands.

This Index provides a description of all wind summaries available at the National Climatic Center.

Measurements have been made of the total back-scattered D/sup -/ yields from Cs, Rb, K, Na and Li surfaces bombarded with D/sub 2//sup +/ and D/sub 3//sup +/ in the energy range 0.05 to 3.5 keV/nucleon. All measurements were made at a background pressure less than 10/sup -9/ Torr and the alkali-metal surfaces were evaporated onto a substrate in situ to assure uncontaminated surfaces. For each target, the D/sup -/ yield is at a maximum (as high as 12% per incident deuteron for Cs) between 150 and 300 eV/nucleon, and at any measured energy, the D/sup -/ yield decreases from Cs to Li in the order given above.

Soil chromatography has been used successfully to evaluate relative mobilities of pesticides and nuclides in soils. Its major advantage over the commonly used suspension technique is that it more accurately simulates field conditions. Under such conditions the number of potential exchange sites is limited both by the structure of the soil matrix and by the manner in which the carrier fluid moves through this structure. The major limitation of the chromatographic method, however, has been its qualitative nature. This document represents an effort to counter this objection. A theoretical basis is specified for the transport both of the carrier eluting fluid and of the dissolved constituent. A computer program based on this theory is developed which optimizes the fit of theoretical data to experimental data by automatically adjusting the transport parameters, one of which is the distribution coefficient k/sub d/. This analysis procedure thus constitutes an integral part of the soil chromatographic method, by means of which mobilities of nuclides and other dissolved constituents in soils may be quantified.

The objectives of this program are to develop probes that can determine the water chemistry of high temperature geothermal fluids. The entire probe system includes a high temperature reference electrode, oxidation potention (redox potential) , conductivity probe, pH, corrosivity, and specific ion probe (sulfide). The objective of this study for FY 1977 was to develop a reference electrode and conductivity probe that would operate in the geothermal environment and provide data. This work also involved a study of sealing materials. A high temperature-pressure, thermodynamic reference electrode was developed which was demonstrated to be operative in a simulated geothermal environment up to 250°C containing the contaminants that would affect its operation. An electrodeless conductivity probe was developed for use in the geothermal environment. This design is particularly resistant to the effects of scale deposition. A large number o f sealing materials were investigated for use in the 250°C geothermal environment. From this study, PNL has developed a spring-loaded seal that may have other applications in the geothermal industry.

Any quantitative analysis of the risk of transportation accidents requires the use of many different statistical distributions. Included among these are the types of accidents which occur and the severity of these when they do occur. Several previous studies have derived this type of information for truck traffic over U. S. highways in general; these data are not necessarily applicable for the anticipated LMFBR spent fuel cask routes. This report presents data for highway segments representative of the specific LMFBR cask routes which are anticipated. These data are based upon a detailed record-by-record review of filed reports for accidents which occurred along the specified route segments.

The time spent for computing an exponential for the IBM 370-195 at the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant is about 25 times slower than that spent by the CDC-7600 CTR computer at Livermore. We propose a scheme which does not involve a function call, is 15 times faster than the IBM 370-195 scheme, and is useful when the exponential is called many times.

When superconductivity is applied to various electrical devices, the joining of the superconducting material and the performance of the joints are generally crucial to the successful operation of the system. Although many techniques are being considered for joining composite superconductors, soldering is the most common. We determined the wetting and flow behavior of various solder and flux combinations on a copper-clad Nb-Ti composite, developed equipment and techniques for soldering and inspection of lap joints, and determined the shear strength of joints at temperatures down to -269/sup 0/C (4/sup 0/K). We studied 15 solders and 17 commercial and experimental fluxes in the wettability and flow tests. A resistance unit was built for soldering test specimens. A series of samples soldered with 80 Pb-20 Sn, 83 Pb-15 Sn-2 Sb, 97.5 Pb-1.5 Ag-1 Sn, 80 In-15 Pb-5 Ag, or 25 In-37.5 Pb-37.5 Sn (wt percent) was inspected by three nondestructive techniques. Through-transmission ultrasound gave the best correlation with nonbond areas revealed in peel tests. Single-lap shear specimens soldered with 97.5 Pb-1.5 Ag-1 Sn had the highest strength (10.44 ksi, 72 MPa) and total elongation (0.074 in., 1.88 mm) at -269/sup 0/C (4/sup 0/K) of four solders tested.

Magnetoresistivity measurements are performed in fields up to 40 kOe on some concentrated amorphous La--Gd--Au alloys exhibiting characteristics of a spin-glass. The negative magnetoresistivity at low temperature is found to be roughly proportional to the square of the magnetization. The resistivity minima in these alloys are attributed to a mechanism of electron scattering from magnetic clouds coupled by the RKKY interactions, in qualitative agreement with analysis of remanent magnetization data. 4 figures, 1 table.

A preliminary model of photosynthesis and growth of field crops was developed to assess the effects of gaseous pollutants, particularly airborne sulfur compounds, resulting from energy production from geothermal resources. The model simulates photosynthesis as a function of such variables as irradiance, CO/sub 2/ diffusion resistances, and internal biochemical processes. The model allocates the products of photosynthesis to structural (leaf, stem, root, and fruit) and storage compartments of the plant. The simulations encompass the entire growing season from germination to senescence. The model is described conceptually and mathematically and examples of model output are provided for various levels of pollutant stress. Also, future developments that would improve this preliminary model are outlined and its applications are discussed.

During the last ten years, photoelectron angular distributions have been used extensively to study the dynamics of the photoionization process in atoms and molecules. Some major advances in this body of work are reviewed with special emphasis on results emerging since the last Conference on VUV Radiation Physics three years ago. By far the greatest progress has occurred for atoms, where interest is focussed on improving zero-order (Hartree-Slater, Cooper-Zare) understanding of the asymmetry parameter ..beta..(epsilon), by considering electron correlations, relativistic effects, and anisotropic final-state interactions. The study of the rare gases has benefitted from extensive coordination between experiment and theory, whereas work on nonspherical atoms has been mainly theoretical, with the only measurements being performed very recently on atomic oxygen. Angular distribution studies on molecules are in a much earlier stage of development. Progress has been impeded by the lack of practical, realistic theoretical methods and wavelength-dependent measurements, both of which are becoming available only now. This recent work, together with selected topics from earlier resonance-line work on molecules will be reviewed. In addition, a new class of angular-dependent studies of molecules will be discussed--the angular distribution of nonthermal ions formed by dissociative photoionization--which provides information complementary to the related …

There are three perspectives with which to view the interaction of Corbicula and power plants: as a fouling agent; as an important part of the natural ecosystem; and as a potential species for use in waste heat aquaculture. The first two of these interactions are essentially negative in character, since they involve avoidance of impacts either of Corbicula on power plant operation or of power plant operation on Corbicula. Condenser fouling by these claims has been controlled by mechanical means or by continuous chlorination. Our data support the potential for using heated water to control fouling and a model for determining required thermal dosing is presented. Preliminary data also indicate potential for control by combining simultaneous short-term exposure to hot water and chlorine. The third of the interactions is essentially positive in character. The use of thermal effluents in Corbicula aquaculture systems is proposed.

The following subjects are covered: geothermal energy and its use, electric utilities and the climate for geothermal development, the raw fuels industry and geothermal energy, and government and energy. The role of large petroleum companies and large public utilities is emphasized. (MHR)

Beryllium-copper alloys should be considered toxic materials and proper controls must be used when they are machined, heated, or otherwise fabricated. Air samples should be taken for each type of fabrication to determine the worker's exposure and the effectiveness of the controls in use. It has been shown that aerosols containing beryllium are generated during the four methods of fabrication tested, and that these aerosols can be reduced through local exhaust to undetectable levels. Considering the acute, chronic and possibly carcinogenic effects of exposure to beryllium, effective controls should be required because they are feasible both technologically and economically. The health hazards and control measures are reviewed.