A series of 16 shallow and intermediate-depth temperature-gradient holes were drilled for Sunoco Energy Development Co. in Grass Valley, Pershing County, Nevada, on leases held by Aminoil USA, Inc., under the cost-sharing industry-linked program of the Department of Energy. Thirteen shallow (85-152 m) and 3 intermediate-depth (360-457 m) holes were completed and logged during the period June through September, 1979. The locations of these holes and of pre-existing temperature-gradient holes are shown on plate 1. This report constitutes a final data transmittal and disclosure of results. The drilling subcontractor was Southwest Drilling and Exploration, Inc. of Central, Utah. They provided a Gardner-Denver 15W rig, a 3-man crew, and supporting equipment. A l l holes were drilled with mud as the circulating medium. Drilling histories for each hole are summarized in table 1. GeothermEx, Inc. performed on-site geological descriptions of the cuttings; obtained several temperature profiles for each hole, including an equilibrium profile taken 23 days or more after cessation of drilling; selected samples for thermal conductivity measurements; integrated temperature, temperature-gradient, and heat-flow data obtained in this project with published values; and prepared this report.

Exploration drilling operations were conducted which included the deepening of an existing hole, designated as Old Maid Flat No. 1, from 1850 ft (564 m) to 4002 (1220 m) on the western approaches to Mt. Hood and the drilling of three new holes ranging from 940 ft (287 m) to 1340 ft (409 m). The Clear Fork hole, located in Old Maid Flat, was drilled to 1320 ft (402 m). The Zigzag hole was drilled to 940 ft (287 m) at the southwestern base of Mt. Hood in the Zigzag River valley. The remaining hole was drilled on the Timberline Lodge grounds which is on the south flank of Mt. Hood at an elevation of about 6000 ft (1829 m) above sea level. The deepening project designated as Old Maid Flat No. 1 encountered a maximum bottom hole temperature of about 180/sup 0/F (82/sup 0/C) and is to this date the deepest exploratory hole in the Mt. Hood vicinity. No significant drilling problems were encountered. The Clear Fork and Zigzag River holes were completed without significant problems. The Timberline Lodge hole encountered severe drilling conditions, including unconsolidated formations. Two strings of tools were left in the hole from structural collapse …

Well logs from four drill holes, Utah State Geothermal Wells 14-2, 52-21 and 72-16 and Geothermal Power Corporation's thermal gradient hole GPC-15 have been digitized, plotted and studied. This study had three objectives: (1) to present the well log data in a convenient format for easy study, (2) to determine the nature of the geothermal reservoir rock and fluid properties, and (3) to make some inference on fluid entry locations in the boreholes and their effect on heat flow. The temperature logs and gradients computed from these logs have been used to examine heat flow in the vicinity of the four drill holes. Assumed and calculated thermal conductivities have been used in the analyses, 4 mcal/cm /sup 0/C sec for the alluvium and 7 mcal/cm /sup 0/C sec for the crystalline rocks. The data indicate that 14-2 and 72-16 reside in a dominantly convective heat flow environment, whereas GPC-15 and 52-21 reside in a dominantly conductive heat flow environment. The convective regions are believed to be fracture controlled and only portions of each hole reside totally in a convective region; in each case it is the upper bedrock portion of the hole. In every case the alluvium or upper portion …

The importance of relativistic interactions in the photoionization of heavy atoms and molecules has been investigated by the technique of photoelectron spectroscopy. In particular, experiments are reported which illustrate the effects of the spin-orbit interaction in the neutral ground state, final ionic states and continuum states of the photoionization target.

Using a two-dimensional algorithm, steering of triode slots was investigated for the first time with a reasonable accounting of the ion extraction sheath.

Past increase of atmospheric CO/sub 2/ involves significant ntributions from both fossil and nonfossil (biospheric) sources. A simulation model was used to reconstruct changes since 1860 and project four hypothetical future scenarios of CO/sub 2/ injection to 2460. Nineteen compartments and their exchanges of carbon were considered. Areal extent of tropical forests, other wooded ecosystems, and nonforests were incorporated into the model. Rapidly and slowly exchanging pools of carbon per unit area, and net primary production for each pool and exosystem group, were projected by integrating income-loss differential equations numerically using CSMP programming language. Estimated cumulative releases of CO/sub 2/ from fossil fuels (plus cement) near 120 Gtons of carbon (1 Gton = 10/sup 9/ metric tons) from 1860 to 1970 were assumed to equal prompt and delayed releases from forest clearing. Limits of exploitable forest area and biomass were evaluated and found to contribute much less future CO/sub 2/ than the usable coal, oil, gas, and oil shale. Ultimate release from the latter (7500 +- 2500 x 10/sup 9/ tons of C) could increase atmospheric CO/sub 2/ manyfold: doubling the assumed 1860 levels as early as (1) year 2025 for assumed nominal scenario (expanding releases slightly less rapidly than …

Eighteen hundred square feet of aluminum foil were coated with thickness-sensitive selective paint. The feasibility of a high speed, large-scale roller coating technique was demonstrated. Coating thermal stability, weathering and humidity resistance, and effects of pigment particle size on coating optical properties were studied. Thickness-insensitive paint with urethane binder was evaluated. A medium scale (1 kg) of thickness-insensitive paint solution was prepared which achieved an ..cap alpha../sub s/ of 0.90 and epsilon of 0.35.

The following topics are discussed: altering protein quantity and quality in pearl millet grain by irradiation and mutation breeding; effect of nitrogen and genotype (male and female) on pearl millet grain; irradiation breeding of sterile triploid turf bermudagrasses; irradiation breeding of sterile Coastcross-1, a forage grass hybrid to increase winterhardiness; heterosis resulting from crossing specific irradiation induced mutants with their normal inbred parent; economic assessment of irradiation induced mutants; use of ethidium bromide to create cytoplasmic male sterile mutants in pearl millet; use of mitomycin and streptomycin to create cytoplasmic male sterile mutants in pearl millet; biomass of napiergrass; evaluation of mutagen induced lignin mutants in sorghum; interspecific transfer of germplasm using gamma radiation; production of homozygous translocation tester stocks; use of radiation to control the reproductive behavior in plants; genetics of radiation induced mutations; response of pearl millet pollen to gamma radiation; and nature of morphological changes in sterile triploid bermudagrass on golf courses.

The process sequence for the fabrication of dendritic web silicon into solar panels has been modified to include aluminum back surface field formation. Sputtering is the preferred method for depositing the aluminum. Plasma etching has been shown to be a feasible technique for pre-diffusion cleaning of the web. This would replace wet chemical cleaning. Several contacting systems have been studied. The total plated Pd-Ni system (Motorola Process) is not compatible with our process sequence; however, the evaporated TiPd-electroplated Cu system has been shown stable under life testing. Ultrasonic bonding parameters have been determined for various interconnect and contact metals but the yield of the process is not sufficiently high to use for module fabrication at this time. Over 400 solar cells, about 11 cm/sup 2/ in area have been fabricated according to the modified sequence. No sub-process incompatibility was seen. These cells have been used to fabricate four demonstration modules. A cost analysis (SAMICS) of the modified process sequence resulted in a selling price of $0.75/peak watt (1980$ in 1986).

Using a rapidly convergent approximation scheme, formulas are given for beam intensity profiles everywhere. In the first approximation, formulas are found for multiple aperture sources, such as a TFTR design, and integrated power for rectangular plates downstream for Gaussian beamlets. This analysis is duplicated for Lorentzian beamlets which should provide a probable upper bound for off-axis loading as Gaussian beamlets provide a probable lower bound. Formulas for beam intensity profiles are found everywhere. In first approximation, formulas are found for downstream intensity of multiple sources and integrated power for rectangular plates.

Nonlinear wave evolution in Vlasov plasma is analyzed using the Lie transform, a powerful mathematical tool which is applicable to Hamiltonian systems. The first part of this thesis is an exposition of the Lie transform. Dewar's general Lie transform theory is explained and is used to construct Deprit's Lie transform perturbation technique. The basic theory is illustrated by simple examples.

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A stress analysis of the 3/8-inch and 1/4-inch pins which hold the rake assembly to the flange was performed and shows stresses to be lower than the Class 1 allowables of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. The alternating pin stresses were found to be below the endurance limit and fatigue failure will not occur. The rake assembly was assumed to be loaded by steady drag and lift forces and alternating vortex shedding forces.

The UDD sensor bar with modified cross-section (0.0938-in. thick by 0.25-in. high overall) was analyzed to determine its resonant frequencies. Thermal and fluid-induced stresses due to steady-state and LOCE loads were also calculated. The sensor bar was shown not to be subject to vortex-shedding lock-in and was shown to meet applicable criteria of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Seismic loads are insignificant compared to fluid loads.

Separate abstracts were prepared for the 80 papers of the report. Tabulated data on dose-effect studies with inhaled Pu in beagles are given in an appendix. (HLW)

An apparatus is described for the measurement of the density and thermal expansion of molten materials to 3200/sup 0/K using the gamma attenuation technique. The precision of the experimental technique was analytically examined for both absolute and relative density determinations. Three analytical expressions used to reduce data for liquid density determinations were evaluated for their precision. Each allows use of a different set of input data parameters, which can be chosen based on experimental considerations. Using experimentally reasonable values for the precision of the parameters yields a similar resultant density precision from the three methods, on the order of 0.2%. The analytical method for measurements of the linear thermal expansion of solids by the gamma method is also described. To demonstrate the use of the technique on reasonably well-characterized systems, data are presented for (1) the density and thermal expansion of molten tin, lead, and aluminum to 1300/sup 0/K, (2) the thermal expansion of solid aluminum to the melting point, and (3) the thermal expansion of a low melting point glass through the transition temperature and melting region. The data agree very well with published results using other methods where such published data exist.

The Baltazor Hot Springs KGRA and nearby Painted Hills thermal area are situated in Humboldt County, northwestern Nevada along the northwestern margin of the Basin and Range province. The oldest rocks exposed in the Baltazor area are eugeosynclinal metasedimentary and subordinate metavolcanic rocks of Permian to Triassic age intruded by Cretaceous diorite and quartz diorite. These are overlain by a thick volcanic and volcaniclastic sequence of Miocene through Pliocene age. Pre-Tertiary rocks are not exposed in the Painted Hills. Principal structures in the Baltazor area are intersecting high-angle normal faults which trend northerly and northwesterly. Quaternary landslides are dominant in the Painted Hills, although northerly- and northwesterly-trending high-angle faults are also present. Hydrothermal alteration and mineralization at Baltazor and in the Painted Hills are of several different styles and ages. Copper-bearing quartz veins in pre-Tertiary rocks antedate Cenozoic volcanism and sedimentation. The heat source for thermal phenomena and alteration in both areas is probably deep fault-controlled fluid circulation coupled with an abnormally high regional thermal gradient. (MHR)

A crossed molecular beam apparatus for the study of low energy ion-molecule reactions and free-radical chemiionization kinetics was constructed, and its initial work was in the study of reactions of H/sub 2//sup +/ + CO, N/sub 2/, and Ar at energies between 5 and 10 eV. The preliminary results obtained indicate that in the energy range studied, the reactions proceed via impulsive, direct collisions. The molecular ion products are scattered in the backward direction with respect to the incoming H/sub 2//sup +/ projectile with translational energy in excess of that predicted by spectator stripping. Also completed was the construction of a discharge ion-source with a sample vaporization compartment, allowing solids and liquids to be used as source materials. This source will be used to prepare HCO/sup +/ beams for studies of reactions such as HCO/sup +/ + H/sub 2/O/sup +/ H/sub 3/O/sup +/ + CO, considered important in hydrocarbon flames.

Rats were subjected to whole body HF exposure for 6 hrs or to nose-only HF exposure for 1 hr. Total and/or ionic fluoride concentrations in selected tissues were determined at various times following exposure. In rats sacrificed 6 hrs after whole body exposure, dose-dependent increases in lung, plasma, and kidney total and ionic fluoride concentration occurred. Rats excreted more fluoride in the urine after whole body exposure than could be explained by the amount of HF inhaled. Considerable evidence suggests that airborne HF deposits on fur and is then ingested due to preening activity. Urinary fluoride excretion was increased by nose-only exposure. The urinary fluoride excretion accounted for approximately twice the fluoride estimated to be inhaled during exposure. Tissue fluoride concentrations were elevated immediately after nose-only exposure. Fluoride concentrations in lung and kidney returned to control levels within 12 hrs. Plasma fluoride concentration was slightly elevated 24 hrs after the start of the 1 hr exposure but was at control levels at 96 hrs. Immediately following nose-only exposure, lung ionic fluoride concentrations were less than plasma ionic fluoride concentrations suggesting that the fluoride in the lung had reached that site via plasma transport rather than by inhalation. A dose-dependent increase …

The technical feasibility of heating greenhouses with geothermal heat is established. Off-the-shelf equipment suitable for geothermal heating is readily available. A procedure is given to economically examine a geothermal site for its suitability. Generally, geothermal heating systems are capital intensive. Where the geothermal energy is free the geothermal system is very attractive and where the cost of geothermal heat is the same as other energy, Btu/$, geothermal heat is unattractive.

The following document is a third-year progress report for the period June 1, 1978 to May 31, 1979. The overall objective of the project is to study the effects of seeding techniques, species mixtures, fertilizer, ecotypes, improved plant materials, mycorrhizal fungi, and soil microorganisms on the initial and final stages of reclamation obtained through seeding and subsequent succession on disturbed oil shale lands. Plant growth medias that are being used in field-established test plots include retorted shale, soil over retorted shale, subsoil materials, and surface disturbed topsoils. Because of the long-term nature of successional and ecologically oriented studies the project is just beginning to generate significant publications. Several of the studies associated with the project have some phases being conducted principally in the laboratories and greenhouses at Colorado State Univerisity. The majority of the research, however, is being conducted on a 20 hectare Intensive Study Site located near the focal points of oil shale activity in the Piceance Basin. The site is at an elevation of 2,042 m, receives approximately 30 to 55 cm of precipitation annually, and encompasses the plant communities most typical of the Piceance Basin. Most of the information contained in this report originated from the monitoring …

The overall objective of the program is to evaluate the environmental and health consequences of the release of toxic trace elements (As, B, F, Mo, Se) by shale oil production and use. Some of the particularly significant results are: The baseline geochemical survey shows that stable trace elements maps can be constructed for numerous elements and that the trends observed are related to geologic and climatic factors. Shale retorted by above-ground processes tends to be very homogeneous (both in space and in time) in trace element content. This implies that the number of analytical determinations required of processed shales is not large. Leachate studies show that significant amounts of B, F, And Mo are released from retorted shales and while B and Mo are rapidly flushed out, F is not. On the other hand, As, Se, and most other trace elements ae not present in significant quantities. Significant amounts of F and B are also found in leachates of raw shales. Very large concentrations of reduced sulfur species are found in leachates of processed shale. Upon oxidation a drastic lowering in pH is observed. Preliminary data indicates that this oxidation is catalyzed by bacteria. Very high levels of B and …

Activities and progress are reported in the following areas: component development, pilot plant development, and instrumentation and statistical systems. (DLC)

Two PLT-injector-type duoPIGatron sources, modified further by shaping the beam-forming apertures, have been tested and experimented on a prototype beam line similar to the ISX-B neutral beam injection system. The accelerator column modification has resulted in an increase of the beam power transmission efficiency from that of the straight-bore aperture by 50%. Maximum neutral beam powers achieved on a 28-cm-diam target simulating the ISX-B plasma, located 4.1 m downstream from the source, are congruent to 910 kW of H/sup 0/ at an accelerator power of 42 kV and 61 A and congruent to 1020 kW of D/sup 0/ at 43 kV and 55 A. Measurements have been made to investigate the following: the effects on beam optics of aperture shape, aspect ratio, and different ions (H/sup +/ or D/sup +/); the distribution of beam power deposition along the beam line; ion species compositions; and background pressure behavior due to scraped-off beam particles.