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AGS Performance and Plans
The scope of the AGS complex has expanded rapidly during the three years since an accelerated beam was first obtained. Demand for research time far exceeds the amount available although facilities have been much increased. At the same time, experiments are being designed which are more complicated than previous ones and which make more stringent demands on the accelerator and on its auxiliary equipment. There is a continuous trend of experiments to particle beams of greater momentum, as the experimental techniques are refined. This use of increased momentum means that larger areas are required for the apparatus and that more power is necessary for the magnetic optics. All beam-sharing at the AGS is done by multiple use of each accelerated pulse because our experience indicates that pulse-by-pulse beam-sharing is relatively inefficient. (Expansion chambers have seldom been used at the AGS.) The problems of scheduling experiments becomes increasingly complex since combinations must be found satisfying the criteria: maximum number of experiments to run simultaneously; minimum downtime to be taken for rearrangement between successive experimental arrays
Date:
October 15, 1963
Creator:
Green, G. K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
ICPP Waste Calcining Facility : Safety Analysis Report
Report documenting a study "made of the radiological hazards associated with operation of the ICPP Waste Calcination Facility" and contains "[d]etails of the safety analysis and extensive information on the process, equipment, and operation procedures" (p. iii). Each section has its own pagination.
Date:
December 1, 1963
Creator:
Lakey, L. T. & Bower, J. R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Preshot and Postshot Structure Survey
From introduction: This report documents the preshot and postshot condition of all structures within 10 miles of Ground Zero, plus structures at Salt Wells and surface structures at mines that were included in the mine survey.
Date:
December 1963
Creator:
Holmes & Narver
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Radium and Mesothorium Poisoning and Dosimetry and Instrumentation Techniques in Applied Radioactivity
"The study of the toxicity of Ra and MsTh(Ra/sup 228/) in humans was continued. Several Thorotrast cases were also examined. Physical and clinical studies were made on 151 persons. In all cases possible gamma ray measurements were made of Ra and MsTh decay products retained in the body, alpha -ray measurements of Rn and Rn/sup 220/ in breath, a complete medical history was taken, a complete x-ray examination was made of the skeleton, and urinalysis, hematological, and blood chemistry studies were made."
Date:
May 1963
Creator:
Evans, Robley D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Radiation Processing Research and Development Program at Brookhaven National Laboratory
The generic term "chemonuclear" has been assigned to any chemical process system using nuclear energy as the prime energy source. The type of effect which induces the chemical change, or produces the chemical is of importance in classifying the type of chemonuclear process, or reactor involved. Four types of effects are identified for this classification. These are radiation, thermal, electrical, and photolytic effects. The radiation effects include the interaction with matter of high energy particles, or photons carrying energy in the range of a million electron volts (MEV) or higher, and causing primarily ionization effects. Thermal effects include transfer of thermal energy to matter and usually is directed towards producing a thermodynamic equilibrium in the system. Electrical effects are concerned with interaction with matter of particles carrying energy in the range of electron volts up to thousands of electron volts (EV to KEV). The photolytic effects utilize photon energy in the range of infrared through the visible to the ultraviolet radiation (IR, Visible, and UV). As is evident, this classification is somewhat arbitrary since it is primarily based on a division of the energy spectrum which is in reality continuous. It does, however, separate the more conventional methods of inducing …
Date:
March 6, 1963
Creator:
Steinber, Meyer & Manowitz
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Light-Droven Cytochrome Reactions in Anacystis and Euglena
The basic similarity in cytochrome physiology between Anacystis nidulans ad Euglena gracilis, strains Z, is impressive in view of their gross dissimilarities in size, structure, and pigment content. We have investigated the cytochrome reactions by sensitive spectrophotometric methods in order to gain some insight into the patterns of energy transfer from the various light receptors to the reaction centers involved in the two photochemical reactions of green plant photosynthesis and also to elucidate the pathways of photosynthetic electron transfer. The major thrust of this presentation will be the implications of experiments on whole cells in which both wavelength and intensity of monochromatic actinic light have been systematically varied. Some preliminary observations of the effect of carbonyl cyanide-m chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) are presented, and the light-driven reduction of cytochrome b6 in Euglena chloroplast fragments is described.
Date:
December 24, 1963
Creator:
Olson, John M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
RBE of Monoenergetic Fast Neutrons: Cytogenetic Effects in Maize
Investigations on the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of densely ionizing radiations (with high LET, rate of linear energy transfer) are of importance in both fundamental and applied radiobiology. In the latter, they serve as a basis in setting permissible exposure levels for types of radiation about which little long range experience is available. Some of the best RBE studies have been done on chromosomal aberrations. The difficulty is determining RBE on the basis of chromosomal exchanges or 2-break aberrations is that the dose-response curves differ for radiations of different LET and dose rate. The dose-squared term tends to predominate with radiations of low LET (such as γ rays and most X rays) and high doses or dose rates; the linear term dominates with high LET tracks in general and at low doses or dose rates. The shape of the curves is thought to reflect the existence of two classes of mechanisms by which chromosome exchanges are produced; exchanges caused by the passage of a single ionizing particle account for the linear component of the dose-response curve, exchanges due to the interaction of effects of two independent ionizing particles are responsible for the dose-squared component. This model has been amply confirmed …
Date:
November 13, 1963
Creator:
Smith, H. H.; Bateman, J. L.; Quastler, H. & Rossi, H. H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Aeroradioactivity Survey and Areal Geology of Parts of Southeastern New York and Southern New England (ARMS-I)
Report concerning "[a]n airborne gamma-radiation survey of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and parts of New York, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont" (p. 5) made between 1958 and 1960 that indicated that a broad range of radioactivity exists in those areas depending on the type of bedrock. Correlations are drawn between this radioactivity and the geology of the region.
Date:
July 1963
Creator:
Popenoe, Peter
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Gene Structure: Genetic Fine Structure. Remarks.
Though only recently established, this concept has been developing for a long time. More than thirty years ago Dubinin, Serebrovsky, and other, investigating the phenotypes of a number of "achaete-scute" alleles of Drosophilia melanogaster, found that the alleles could be arranged in a definite series accoding to bristle patters, and also that the heterozygotes lacked only those bristles which were affected in common by both participating alleles. They concluded that the serial classification of alleles according to bristle patters had its counterpart in a similar arrangement of portions of the achaete-scute gene locus. On this assumption they divided the locus into twelve elementary subunits. It was assumed that each allele arose by a change involving a certain combination of these centres. According to their theory, the achaete-scute locus is made up of separate, regularly spaced, and linearly arranged functional units. Several years later, Oliver described the occurrence of crossing over between two alleles of the "lozenge" locus. Then Green and a number of other workers analyzed similar phenomena in different regions of Drosophila chromosome. During the same period Lewis developed the theory of pseudoallelism, which interprets the occurrence of recombinants in interallelic crosses as the result of gene duplications. Thus …
Date:
October 14, 1963
Creator:
Demerec, M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Geology of the Jewel Cave Southwest Quadrangle, Custer County, South Dakota
From introduction: This study was part of the U.S. Geological Survey's continuing study of the geology and ore deposits of the southern Black Hills, which was stimulated by the discovery of uranium deposits in sandstone in the area in 1951 (Page and Redden, 1952; Bell and Bales, 1955).
Date:
1963
Creator:
Braddock, William A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Mathematics of Intermittent Irradiation
Initiation of reactions by intermittent irradiation is frequently encountered in physical, chemical, and biological systems. Mathematical expressions for transient and steady state concentrations of reactive species in these systems are useful for predicting performance and for research purposes. A general method of formulation of the intermittent irradiation problem is presented herein, and illustrative solutions are obtained for radioactive decay chains and for the rotating sector method.
Date:
March 12, 1963
Creator:
Hill, F. B.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High Performance UO2 Program Quarterly Progress Report No. 10 July-September 1963
Work performed during the quarter is summarized by; direct measurement of fission gas pressure, loop operations, performance of UO2 fuel, UO2 grain growth and melting studies.
Date:
October 15, 1963
Creator:
Weidenbaum, B.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High Performance UO2 Program Quarterly Progress Report No.7 : October-December 1962
Work performed during the quarter is summarized by direct measurement of fission gas pressure, loop operations, performance of UO2 fuel.
Date:
January 15, 1963
Creator:
Weidenbaum, B.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Problems of Present Day Genetics
At this, the XI International Congress of Genetics, the major portion of the program has been devoted to synopsis, in which outstanding problems of modern genetics have been discussed. It required vision on the part of the Organizing Committee to conceive such a program for an international congress; and it required courage, a great deal courage, to schedule 25 symposium on a 6 meeting days. But the vision and courage have been amply rewarded. The symposia were outstanding, and have contributed toward making this Congress a strikingly successful gathering.
Date:
October 15, 1963
Creator:
Demerec, M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Improved Growth of Etiolated Pisum Seedlings for Bioessays by the Use of a Complete Chelated Nutrient Solution
Tissue from etiolated or partially etiolated Pisum seedlings is widely used in work on growth substances and light responses. However, in the authors' experience growth under the conditions commonly employed is frequently irregular, and often affords little or no satisfactory experimental material. Although the literature records little evidence of such difficulties, personal communication with many investigators leaves no doubt they are widespread.
Date:
October 1, 1963
Creator:
Hillman, William S. & Puruya, Masaki
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Transport of Radionuclides in Fresh Water Systems. Report of a Working Meeting Held at University of Texas, Austin, January 30-February 1, 1963
Nineteen papers presented at the Conference on the Transport of Radionuclides in Fresh Water Systems are given. Separate abstracts were prepared for 18 papers; one was previously abstracted for NSA. (M.C.G.)
Date:
July 1, 1963
Creator:
Kornegay, B. H.; Vaughan, W. A.; Jamison, D. K. & Morgan, J. M., Jr.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Burnout Conditions for Nonuniformly Heated Rod in Annular Geometry, Water at 1000 PSIA
Tests were run at the General Electric Company, Atomic Power Equipment Department, to determine the burnout conditions for a non-uniformly heated rod in an annular geometry.
Date:
June 1963
Creator:
Janssen, E. (Engineer) & Kervinen, J. A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Microbeam as a Tool in Radiobiology
In the analysis of the effect of ionizing radiation on living systems, the problem is complicated by the interaction of one part of the system with other parts. If an entire mouse is subjected to radiation, only a few of the most radiosensitive organs, the "weak links," react to the insult and essentially limit the size of the dose delivered since there is little to be learned from irradiating a dead mouse. Thus an insensitive organ like muscle will not respond at all to a total body dose. Likewise, every organ is composed of several different kinds of cells, and the most radiosensitive cells in the organ will determine the reaction observed.
Date:
February 1, 1963
Creator:
Curtis, Howard J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Use of Tritiated Thymidine in the Study of Tissue Activation During Germination in Zea Mays L.
The transition from dormancy to growth in plant seeds has been the topic of many biological studies (1,2). Of particular interest to the radiobiologist are the dramatic changes in radiosensitivity occurring soon after the soaking of the seeds (3). These changes are thought to be associated with the commencement of proliferative activity. The recently developed method of labeling DNA with tritiated thymidine allows analysis of proliferative activity in greater detail than was heretofore possible. In the present study, uptake of tritiated thymidine and mitotic counts were used to determine the sequence of activation of proliferation in tissues or organs of the germinating corn embryo.
Date:
February 1, 1963
Creator:
Stein, O. L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Secondary Tetanus Antitoxin Responses in Mice Elicited Prior to Irradiation
The pioneer study by Benjamin and Sluka in 1908 on inhibition of antibody formation by X-rays revealed the importance of the temporal relationship between exposure to radiation and injection of antigen. X-radiation delivered three days before injection of beef serum inhibited precipitin formation in rabbits. A similar exposure to X-rays delivered three days after injection of the antigen failed to repress production of specific antibody. These observations were partially confirmed in 1915 when Hektoen reported inhibition of hemolysin production in the rat when X-radiation was delivered either before or after injection of sheep red cells. Although an absolute difference in radiosensitivity was not evident, the depressant effect of radiation on antibody production appeared to be less effective when radiation was given after injection of the antigen.
Date:
March 6, 1963
Creator:
Hale, William M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Theoretical Analysis of the Exponential Experiment in Natural Uranium
Methods of calculating the "Snell Experiment" (the exponential experiment in natural uranium) are examined. It is found that integral transport theory is required for accurate predictions. The effect of spatial transients upon measured quantities is studied and it is found that experiments have not been done in a large enough mass of uranium to achieve an asymptotic neutron distribution. However deviations from the asymptotic values of integral quantities are not large and corrections are calculated and applied to recent experiments. It is shown that the use of recent cross section data improves the agreement between theory and experiment. The relaxation length and all spectral indices are in fairly good agreement except for Np237 to U238 average fission cross section ratio.
Date:
March 8, 1963
Creator:
Michael, Paul
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Internal Target System and Induced Radioactivity at the AGS
When the Brookhaven AGS started operation in the summer of 1960 very little experience with targeting in strong focusing proton synchrotrons was available. While it was evident that targeting techniques would differ markedly from those used in weak focusing machines, only actual running experience would set the proper parameters for a truly satisfactory targeting system. It was, therefore, an advantage that temporary targeting devices were used initially. Work on a more permanent system was not started until the summer of 1961, and the first component of the system installed in January 1962. While further refinements are still continuing the essential features of this targeting system have now sufficiently proven themselves in actual operation to remain unchanged. This system in its present form is the subject of the first portion of this paper.
Date:
September 27, 1963
Creator:
Faust, J.; Flatau, C.; King, R. & Polk, I.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Use of Neutron Irradiations in the Brookhaven Mutations Program
In brief, these facilities consist of a 250 KvP X-ray generator; two areas of a research reactor, one a well thermalized unit of moderate capacity and a larger area with a mixed thermal and fast neutron distribution, all of which are used for brief, acute exposure. A 10 acre field, currently with almost 4000 curies of cobalt 60, serves to irradiate entire plants for either short or long periods of time. Recently, the flux density of the thermal column was increased by a factor of 5 over the original density. This was accomplished by lowering the thermal column 12 inches deeper into the reactor shield. Fast neutrons at this higher flux density are also available to the cooperator. An additional facility available to the program is the array of kilocurie gamma sources in the Nuclear Engineering Department of Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Date:
November 13, 1963
Creator:
Miksche, J. P. & Shapiro, S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Effects of Chronic Excess Salt Ingestion: Possible Implications of the Accelerated Induction of Experimental Hypertension by 2,4-Dinitrophenol
Recently, we reported that the administration of the thyroid hormone, L-triiodothyronine (T3), markedly accelerated the development of experimental hypertension associated with a high-salt intake in intact rate. Earlier, Selye and his associates and Masson, Corcoran, and Page has observed a similar effect from thyroxin in uninephrectomized salt-fed rats. We were aware of the fact that oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled by the thyroid hormone and were intrigued by the possibility that such uncoupling was instrumental in the accelerated development of the hypertension observed. The work reported here was undertaken with this possibility in mind; it was based on the well documented observation of Loomis and Lipmann that dinitrophenol reversibly inhabits oxidative phosphorylation. The present studies indicates that 2, 4-dinitrophenol, like L-triiodothyronine, can also rapidly induce hypertension in salt-fed rate. These observations have led us to develop a working hypothesis that may have general implications relative to the pathogenesis of hypertension in man.
Date:
October 14, 1963
Creator:
Dahl, Lewis K.; Heine, Martha & Tassinari, Lorraine
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library