The scope of this project was to develop and apply analytical techniques for the characterization of coal conversion products. Solvent-refined coal served as the coal-derived material for the duration of the study. The investigation has focused primarily in the areas of separations and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Highlights of the twenty-eight month study are listed and followed by a brief synopsis of the major findings.

Purified and reconstituted cytochrome {und c} oxidase and mitochondria were crosslinked with biimidates in the presence and absence of cytochrome {und c}. These experiments indicate that oxidase subunit interactions are required for activity and that cytochrome {und c} mobility may be required for electron transport activity. Biimidate treatment of purified and reconstituted oxidase crosslinks all of the oxidase protomers except subunit I when {ge} 20% of the free amines are modified and inhibits steady state oxidase activity. Transient kinetics of ferrocytochrome {und c} oxidation and ferricytochrome {und a} reduction indicates inhibition of electron transfer from heme {und a} to heme {und a}{sub 3}. Crosslinking oxidase molecules to form large aggregates displaying rotational correlation times {ge} 1 ms does not affect oxidase activity. Crosslinking of mitochondria covalently binds the bc{sub 1} and {und aa}{sub 3} complexes to cytochrome {und c}, and inhibits steady-state oxidase activity considerably more than in the case of the purified oxidase. Addition of cytochrome {und c} to the purified oxidase or to {und c}-depleted mitoplasts increases inhibition slightly. Cytochrome {und c} oligomers act as competitive inhibitors of native {und c}, however, crosslinking of cytochrome {und c} to {und c}-depleted mitoplasts or purified oxidase (with dimethyl suberimidate or …

It has been difficult to obtain stable experimental slurries of coal or solvent-refined coal for testing in diesel engines. Attempts to burn the 40 percent by weight raw coal-fuel oil slurry were hampered from the outset. First the transfer pump would not deliver the slurry to the injection pump. This problem was overcome by raising the slurry storage tank to increase the positive head on the pump inlet. With the engine running on the slurry blow-by of gases into the crank case increased considerably; the engine ran erratically; and when operating under its own power produced approximately 20 percent of what was expected. Thus, the test was ended after one hour of operation instead of ten hours as was the case with the 20 and 32 percent slurries. The immediate loss of power is thought to be a result of poor penetration, dispersion, and atomization of the injected fuel. A request to revise the scope of the work so that an investigation of this power loss can replace the work required to operate on the 40 percent slurries has been submitted. Inspection of this test engine indicates wear occurs at an excessive rate, although thermodynamic changes are not drastic with …

This test program was undertaken to further the understanding of vortex shedding patterns to be experienced by the OTEC Cold Water pipe. The present series of tests was planned to incorporate improvements in design of the previously used test model and data gathering capability in order to achieve certain results which the previous program was unable to achieve. Specifically, three goals were envisioned: (1) determination of eddy shedding correlation lengths as a function of upstream shear. Improved endplate design and larger aspect ratio were the chief steps taken toward attaining this objective. (2) Determination of minimum shear level producing cellular shedding patterns. A wider range of upstream velocity shears was to be tested than in any previous study. (3) Detailed analysis of the effect of roughness on shedding patterns. A very smooth cylinder was to be tested under the same conditions as a roughened cylinder, and the two sets of results compared. Two weeks of wind tunnel testing were scheduled to perform the tests. The first week was allotted to the roughened cylinder, and the second week was devoted to examining the smooth cylinder. The experimental setup and procedures are described, and results are presented and discussed. (WHK)

Sputtered films have been formed with two improved composite (Si + CdAs/sub 2/) targets. Near stoichiometric and mechanically continuous CdSiAs/sub 2/ films have been formed on metal substrates. Films of this type will be used over the next reporting period for heterojunction formation. Evaporation studies related to CdAs/sub 2/ have been completed. Stoichiometric CdAs/sub 2/ films could not be formed by means of single-source evaporation of CdAs/sub 2/ bulk. Hence, this dual source approach (Si + CdAs/sub 2/) does not appear feasible with the techniques used thus far. Electron beam microprobe elemental analysis has been improved by changing from a GaAs standard to one of SiAs. The latter standard is more directly applicable to the compounds being measured. Accuracy of elemental composition measurements by means of the microprobe are estimated to be about +- 0.1 atomic percent. A CdS/CdSiAs/sub 2/ junction was formed on bulk CdSiAs/sub 2/. This junction gives a good diode curve (no shunting or series resistance problems), although very poor photovoltaic response. Heterojunction formation and gridding procedure have been established.

Near stoichiometric bulk polycrystalline CdSiAs/sub 2/ has been synthesized by two techniques: (1) direct fusion of the elements and (2) direct fusion of the binaries SiAs, Cd/sub 3/As/sub 2/ and CdAs/sub 2/. The latter technique resulted in denser ternary material with good homogeneity. The above binaries melt congruently and were also formed by direct fusion. Sputtered ternary films were formed using a bulk CdSiAs/sub 2/ target, and a composite target of CdAs/sub 2/ discs in a Si plate. Composition of the CdSiAS/sub 2/ target changed with sputtering time. Amorphous films deposited from that target were heat treated, and became crystalline and near stoichiometric but with poor mechanical properties. It appears that films deposited from the composite target (Si + CdAs/sub 2/) can be adjusted to stoichiometry by means of sputtering power and target geometry. As deposited, these films also were amorphous. With respect to evaporated films, the study of thermal decomposition of CdSiAs/sub 2/ in vacuum was completed. The decomposition is preferential toward Cd between 570/sup 0/ and 710/sup 0/C, and toward As in the 710 to 1010/sup 0/C range. It is concluded that evaporation of the ternary is not a suitable method for forming CdSiAs/sub 2/ films. Plans for …

This bibliography contains more than 1400 references dealing with field and laboratory research on potential toxicities and disturbances known or postulated to be caused by pollutants found in coal mine effluents. The first of the three sections into which the bibliography is divided contains a select list of published bibliographies and literature reviews. In the second section are references on mine drainage studies, general references on environmental pollutants, and references dealing with two or more specific parameters. The third section includes references for 40 parameters under individual parameter headings. The multi parameter references in the second section are therefore also listed in the third section under individual headings. An author index is also provided.

The current status and coordination of efforts related to the eighteen environmental studies identified for the Geysers-Calistoga KGRA are reported. (MHR)

An in-progress assessment of nutrient chemical data (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and silicate) from four potential OTEC sites (Puerto Rico, the Gulf of Mexico, Hawaii, and the South Atlantic) show reasonable comparison with archival data. At this time sufficient data is available only at the Tampa site (Gulf of Mexico) to discern seasonal variations which show an influx of nutrient-rich water in February, which decreases with time to a minimum in December. Results show a greater potential for stimulation of primary productivity at the Hawaii site than in the northern Gulf of Mexico due to the discharge of the cold water pipe into the photic zone.

An in-progress assessment of nutrient chemical data (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, and silicate) from four potential OTEC sites (Puerto Rico, the Gulf of Mexico, Hawaii, and the South Atlantic) show reasonable comparison with archival data. At this time sufficient data is available only at the Tampa site (Gulf of Mexico) to discern seasonal variations which show an influx of nutrient-rich water in February, which decreases with time to a minimum in December. Results show a greater potential for stimulation of primary productivity at the Hawaii site than in the northern Gulf of Mexico due to the discharge of the cold water pipe into the photic zone.

None

The borehole WIPP-13 was drilled in the SW 1/4 section 17, T22S, R31E of eastern Eddy County during July and August, 1978, to investigate the nature of a resistivity anomaly. The stratigraphic section was normal, consisting of 13 feet of Quaternary deposits (including artificial fill for drill pad), 53 feet of the Triassic Santa Rosa Sandstone, 451 feet of Dewey Lake Red Beds, 269 feet of the Rustler Formation and 179 feet of the upper member of the Salado Formation. Consecutive cores were taken from 570 to 595, 656 to 729, and 827 to 878 feet. Cuttings were collected at 10-foot intervals throughout the rest of the hole. Geophysical logs were run to aid in interpretation of the stratigraphy. The WIPP is to demonstrate (through limited operations) disposal technology for transuranic (TRU) defense wastes. Eventual conversion of the facility to a repository for TRU defense wastes is anticipated. The WIPP will also provide research facilities for interactions between high-level waste and salt.

Wind Energy Information has been prepared to provide researchers, designers, manufacturers, distributors, dealers, and users of wind energy conversion systems with easy access to technical information. This directory lists organizations and publications which have the main objective of promoting the use of wind energy conversion systems, some organizations that can respond to requests for information on wind energy or make referrals to other sources of information, and some publications that occasionally include information on wind energy. The bibliography contains references to information for both the neophyte and the expert.

The purpose of the Insolation Resource Assessment Program is to collect, standardize, certify, process,, and archive geophysical data for solar energy applications. The principal solar parameters to be measured are global, direct, diffuse and total radiation on an inclined surface. The measurement of the spectral distribution of solar radiation is also important to the development of several technologies. The aim of many of the completed, current, and planned projects presented in the IRAP Plan is to improve solar data collection methods and procedures and to refine solar radiation forecasting capabilities.

This report is organized as follows. Discussions are given of three of the most important data compression methods that have been developed and studied over the years: coding, transforms, and redundancy reduction. (A brief discussion of how to combine and synthesize these ideas, and others, into a system is given). Specific ideas for compressing MFTF diagnostics and control data are developed. Listings and instructions for using FORTRAN programs that were compiled on the Livermore MFTF computers during the course of the study are also given.

The Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF) at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) is currently the largest mirror fusion research project in the world. Its Control and Diagnostics System is handled by a distributed computer network consisting of nine Interdata minicomputer systems and about 65 microprocessors. One of the design requirements is tolerance of single-point failure. If one of the computer systems becomes inoperative, the experiment can still be carried out, although the system responsiveness to operator command may be degraded. In a normal experiment cycle, the researcher can examine the result of the previous experiment, change any control parameter, fire a shot, collect four million bytes of diagnostics data, perform intershot analysis, and have the result presented - all within five minutes. The software approach adopted for the Supervisory Control and Diagnostics System features chief programmer teams and structured programming. Pascal is the standard programming language in this project.

The authors continued seeking the source of electrons for the Calvin cycle in bundle sheath chloroplasts of C/sub 4/ plants using corn or spinach leaves that are free from mesophyll but still retain their photochemical activity. Results indicate that cross transfer of electrons between photosynthetic chains occurs both upstream with plastoquinone and downstream with cytochrome f. (PCS)

Monte Carlo simulations of the expansion of a spacefaring civilization show that descendants of that civilization should be found near virtually every useful star in the Galaxy in a time much less than the current age of the Galaxy. Only extreme assumptions about local population growth rates, emigration rates, or ship ranges can slow or halt an expansion. The apparent absence of extraterrestrials from the solar system suggests that no such civilization has arisen in the Galaxy. 1 figure.

The endochronic viscoplasticity model is presented, and the criteria for general problem analyses are discussed. Two approaches are then developed for inclusion of this model in nonlinear finite element codes. One approach includes reformulating the stiffness matrix for solution by iteration, and the other approach does not. Also, the uniaxial tension problem is studied, and the problems encountered with the use of this model are stated. Finally, recommendations are presented to check the basic postulates used to develop this model.

The theory of void swelling and irradiation creep is now fairly comprehensive. A unifying concept on which most of this understanding rests is that of the rate theory point defect concentrations. Several basic aspects of this unifying conept are reviewed. These relate to local fluctuations in point defect concentrations produced by cascades, the effects of thermal and radiation-produced divacancies, and the effects of point defect trapping.

WIPP 25 was drilled on the eastern edge of Nash Draw (SW 1/4, Sec. 15, T22S, R30E) in Eddy County, New Mexico, to determine subsurface stratigraphy and examine dissolution features above undisturbed salt in the Salado Formation. Determination of dissolution rates will refine previous estimates and provide short-term (geologically) rates for WIPP risk assessments. The borehole encountered, from top to bottom, Pleistocene sediments (17 ft with fill material for pad), Dewey Lake Red Beds (215 ft, Rustler Formation (333 ft, and 90 ft of the upper Salado Formation. A dissolution residue, 37 ft thick, is at the top of the Salado Formation overlying halite-rich beds. In addition to obtaining nearly continuous core from the surface to total depth (655 ft, geophysical logs were taken to measure acoustic velocities, density, radioactivity, and formation resistivity. An interpretive report on dissolution in Nash Draw will be based on combined borehole basin data, surface mapping, and laboratory analyses of Nash Draw rocks and fluids. The WIPP is to demonstrate (through limited operations) disposal technology for transuranic defense wastes and to then be converted to a repository. The WIPP will also provide research facilities for interactions between high-level waste and salt.

Progress to date in the development of a study of the application of the technologies of mechanical vapor recompression and falling film evaporators as applied to the beet sugar industry is reported. Progress is reported in the following areas: technical literature search and plant visitations of existing applications of VR/FFE.

From the vantage point of builders and operators of Federal mineral-lease-bidding data bases, users are addressed. Users are a polyglot lot of empiricists, mechanists, and theorists. The users' perfect data base would contain all data needed to examine all bidding theories and predict bidders' behavior using the theories. That ideal data base has not been attained. However, even the richly flawed history of these data bases leads one to the not particularly prescient notion that users, with omnipresent complaints about errors in and lack of data, will keep the data bases functioning by using them.

Areas of research and development judged to be crucial for establishing a biotechnology of biomass processing are identified. Two general avenues are recommended for R and D: (1) in the near term, revival of the older fermentation technology and improvement of processing efficiencies; and (2) in the longer term, the development of novel biotechnological processes, such as for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals. Recommended R and D ranges from work in moleular genetics to biochemical engineering aspects of plant design. It is recommended that the R and D strategy be designed as an integration of three disciplines: biochemical engineering, microbial genetics, and biochemistry. Applcations of gene-transfer methodology and developments in continuous fermentation should be pursued. Currently, economic incentive for the use of biological conversion processes for producing fuels and chemical feedstocks from biomass is marginal. But as the imported fraction of US oil supply grows and hydrocarbon costs mount, the market is beginning to motivate a quest for substitutes. The commercial potential for biotechnology for establishing a renewable resources chemicals industry appears similar to the potential of the computer and microelectronics field several decades ago.