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Growing up in Texas (open access)

Growing up in Texas

Memoir written by Annie Margaret Rankin Warner and Virginia "Jenny" Louise Rankin Marshall of stories on growing up in West Texas from 1866-1995.
Date: 2016
Creator: Rankin Warner, Annie Margaret & Marshall, Virginia R.
Object Type: Book
System: The Portal to Texas History
"Softened as into a Dream": The Letters of Robert B. Huston, Oklahoma Rough Rider (open access)

"Softened as into a Dream": The Letters of Robert B. Huston, Oklahoma Rough Rider

Article examines the experience of the Oklahoma Rough Rider through the life and correspondence of one such participant in the Spanish-American War, Robert Bell Huston.
Date: Spring 1998
Creator: Todd, Joe L.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Implementation of the Confederate Treaties with the Five Civilized Tribes (open access)

The Implementation of the Confederate Treaties with the Five Civilized Tribes

Article outlines the terms of the treaties proposed and signed between The Five Civilized Nations and the Confederacy.
Date: Spring 1973
Creator: Franks, Kenny A. (Kenny Arthur), 1945-
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Notes and Documents, Summer 1950 (open access)

Notes and Documents, Summer 1950

Notes and Documents column including announcements about the publication of historical materials, artifacts, the creation of memorials, dedications, and a correction for the article titled Women Teachers of Oklahoma 1820-1860 in the Chronicles Volume 27, Number 1, page 19.
Date: Summer 1950
Creator: Oklahoma Historical Society
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Cherokee Script Issuance of 1862 (open access)

The Cherokee Script Issuance of 1862

Article describes the Cherokee script issuance of 1862 by the Cherokee Council and National Committee. James F. Morgan also provides historical context about Cherokee leadership and factionalism during this time.
Date: Autumn 1976
Creator: Morgan, James F.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The First Federal Invasion of Indian Territory (open access)

The First Federal Invasion of Indian Territory

Article relates the events of the federal military expedition of 1862 led by Colonel William Weer into Indian Territory during the Civil War. Gary N. Heath describes the battles that occurred with Confederate forces during the "Indian Expedition."
Date: Winter 1966
Creator: Heath, Gary N.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Some Aspects of the Santa Fe Trail, 1848-1880 (open access)

Some Aspects of the Santa Fe Trail, 1848-1880

Article details the history of the Santa Fe Trail between the Mexican-American War and the creation of railroads.
Date: Spring 1924
Creator: Bieber, Ralph P.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Choctaw Warrants of 1863 (open access)

The Choctaw Warrants of 1863

Article discusses the economic and political state of the Choctaw Nation during the Civil War. James F. Morgan investigates the incentives the United States government and Confederate States of America offered the Choctaws to illicit an alliance.
Date: Spring 1979
Creator: Morgan, James F.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Battle of Chustenahlah (open access)

The Battle of Chustenahlah

Article describes the events of the Battle of Chustenahlah, a battle waged between Confederate troops led by Colonel James McIntosh and Colonel D. H. Cooper and a Union faction of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation led by Opothleyohola near Hominy Creek in Osage County.
Date: Summer 1960
Creator: Shoemaker, Arthur
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Butternut and Blue: Confederate Uniforms in the Trans-Mississippi (open access)

Butternut and Blue: Confederate Uniforms in the Trans-Mississippi

Article describes the issues faced by the Confederate Army when their government could not supply uniforms for the troops while they were in the field, contributing to their ragtag appearance. Whit Edwards dwells on some of the difficulties this caused, including the yellowed look of unlaundered uniforms creating the "butternut" nickname for troops.
Date: Winter 1995
Creator: Edwards, Whit
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Crisis of Command: The Hindman/Pike Controversy over the Defense of the Trans-Mississippi District (open access)

Crisis of Command: The Hindman/Pike Controversy over the Defense of the Trans-Mississippi District

Article describes the conflict that occurred between two Confederate officers, General Thomas C. Hindman and General Albert Pike, over the defense of Indian Territory. Thomas W. Kremm and Diane Neal discuss how this conflict impacted the military situation in the area.
Date: Spring 1992
Creator: Kremm, Thomas W. & Neal, Diane
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Confederate Treaties with the Tribes of Indian Territory (open access)

Confederate Treaties with the Tribes of Indian Territory

Article explores the various treaties the Confederate states made with American Indian nations during the Civil War. Kinneth McNeil describes the officials involved, the legal ramifications of these treaties, and the draw of equality these treaties afforded.
Date: Winter 1964
Creator: McNeil, Kinneth
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Cherokee Question (open access)

The Cherokee Question

Article details the mindsets and actions of politicians as they negotiate treaties with the Cherokee Nation after the Civil War through letters and documents written during this time. Included is an introduction by the managing editor, Joseph B. Thoburn.
Date: Summer 1924
Creator: Thoburn, Joseph B.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Military Investigation of Colonel John M. Chivington Following the Sand Creek Massacre (open access)

The Military Investigation of Colonel John M. Chivington Following the Sand Creek Massacre

Article details the events that led to the Sand Creek Massacre and the subsequent trial of Colonel John M. Chivington to determine who were the aggressors of the event.
Date: Winter 1938
Creator: Mellor, Wm. J.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Osage Aviator: The Life and Career of Major General Clarence L. Tinker (open access)

Osage Aviator: The Life and Career of Major General Clarence L. Tinker

Article provides a biographical tribute to Major General Clarence L. Tinker, an Osage air force pilot with an illustrious career. James L. Crowder, Jr. describes the man's life and career from growing up in the Osage Nation, to joining the U.S. Army, to his participation in the Air Force that led to an air base being named after him.
Date: Winter 1987
Creator: Crowder, James L., Jr.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
A Terrible Truth: The Tonkawa Massacre of 1862 (open access)

A Terrible Truth: The Tonkawa Massacre of 1862

Article explores the history of the Tonkawa people in Texas and Oklahoma and illuminates the negative impact Union and Confederate forces caused by not honoring their treaty obligations to protect the Tonkawas from the tribes around them, who they were alienated from by allying themselves with the US government.
Date: Winter 2019
Creator: Connole, Joseph
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Some Letters of General Stand Watie (open access)

Some Letters of General Stand Watie

Article details how General Stand Waite negotiated allied treaties with the Confederacy during the Civil War through his letters explaining his thoughts on the matter.
Date: Spring 1921
Creator: Dale, Edward Everett
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
"An Indian Shall Not spill an Indian's Blood": The Confederate-Indian Conference at Camp Napoleon, 1865 (open access)

"An Indian Shall Not spill an Indian's Blood": The Confederate-Indian Conference at Camp Napoleon, 1865

Article provides a thorough discussion of the conference at Camp Napoleon, one of the largest intertribal gatherings in Indian Territory. In 1865, the Five Civilized Tribes, allies of the Confederacy, undertook efforts to negotiate and make peace with the Plains tribes at the close of the Civil War.
Date: Spring 2005
Creator: Clampitt, Brad R.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Notes and Documents, Fall 1984 (open access)

Notes and Documents, Fall 1984

Notes and Documents column including a report from S. S. Scott, Confederate Commissioner of Indian Affairs, during his first tour of Indian Territory. It includes an introduction by Mark Lea "Beau" Cantrell providing historical context for his report on "Conditions of the Indians West of Arkansas, 1863" and their loyalties.
Date: Autumn 1984
Creator: Scott, S. S. & Cantrell, Mark Lea
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Additional Letters of General Stand Watie (open access)

Additional Letters of General Stand Watie

Article adds additional context and letters to General Stand Watie's thoughts and experiences as an ally of the Confederacy during the Civil War, through his letters.
Date: Summer 1921
Creator: Dale, Edward Everett
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Government of the Creek Indians (open access)

The Government of the Creek Indians

Article details the structure of the Creeks' governmental system that was established in the early 1800s and how it evolved during and after the Civil War.
Date: Spring 1930
Creator: Morton, Ohland
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Confederate Indian Troop Conditions in 1864 (open access)

Confederate Indian Troop Conditions in 1864

Article describes the consolidated units of American Indian forces during the Civil War known as the Indian Division of Brigadier-General D. H. Cooper. Allan C. Ashcraft includes an inspection report by Captain B. W. Marston highlighting the faults of Cooper's command and subsequent correspondence between Confederate officials.
Date: Winter 1963
Creator: Ashcraft, Allan C.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Fort Washita (open access)

Fort Washita

Article chronicles the establishment and history of Fort Washita, a military fort established by the United States government to protect members of the Chickasaw tribes from other invading tribes.
Date: Summer 1927
Creator: Morrison, W. B.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Second Battle of Cabin Creek, 1864 (open access)

The Second Battle of Cabin Creek, 1864

Article discusses the events of the second battle of Cabin Creek between Union (or Federal) and Confederate forces during the Civil War. Marvin J. Hancock describes the battle maneuvers, the leaders of the brigades, and the impact of the Confederate victory.
Date: Winter 1961
Creator: Hancock, Marvin J.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History