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The Closing of Cordell Christian College: A Microcosm of American Intolerance during World War I (open access)

The Closing of Cordell Christian College: A Microcosm of American Intolerance during World War I

Article investigates the closing of Cordell Christian College due to its perceived antiwar sentiments during World War I. Michael W. Casey explores the attitudes in Oklahoma at the time and the vigilantism that occurred in the name of patriotism.
Date: Spring 1998
Creator: Casey, Michael W.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
"That I Might Render Account of Myself and People": Cherokees and World War I (open access)

"That I Might Render Account of Myself and People": Cherokees and World War I

Article details the contributions of Cherokees abroad and on the home front during World War I. Jason Herbert analyzes the expression of identity in these efforts and also includes recollections from individual soldiers.
Date: Spring 2017
Creator: Herbert, Jason
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
"The Panther's Scream is Often Heard": Cherokee Women in Indian Territory during the Civil War (open access)

"The Panther's Scream is Often Heard": Cherokee Women in Indian Territory during the Civil War

The Civil War and intertribal factionalism in the Cherokee Nation left one-third of women as widows and one-fourth of the children as orphans by 1863. This article is a careful examination of the lives of many Cherokee women in which the author concludes that while the crisis may have empowered women, it also led to a crisis of identity for elite women.
Date: Spring 2000
Creator: Johnston, Carolyn Ross
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Snakes and Scribes: The Dawes Commission and the Enrollment of the Creeks (open access)

Snakes and Scribes: The Dawes Commission and the Enrollment of the Creeks

Article explores the factionalism that occurred within the Creek Nation during the enrollment process of the Dawes Commission in the late nineteenth century, as well as the events surrounding the "Crazy Snake" rebellion led by Chitto Harjo.
Date: Winter 1997
Creator: Carter, Kent
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Notes and Documents, Summer 2011 (open access)

Notes and Documents, Summer 2011

Notes and Documents column including a document that lists multiple reference sources providing information about the Civil War in Indian Territory and reviews coverage in this area.
Date: Summer 2011
Creator: Harris, Jason
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Oklahoma's Military Tradition (open access)

Oklahoma's Military Tradition

Article explores the history of Oklahoma's military from its beginnings as the Oklahoma Territorial Militia to its evolution into the Oklahoma National Guard. Fred A. Daugherty and Pendleton Woods discuss the Guard's participation in the Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War.
Date: Winter 1979
Creator: Daugherty, Fred A. & Woods, Pendleton
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Gen. James M. Shackelford (open access)

Gen. James M. Shackelford

Article chronicles the military career of Judge James M. Shackleford who established the first United States Court within Indian Territory.
Date: Spring 1934
Creator: Foreman, Carolyn Thomas, 1872-1967
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Confederate Victory at Chusto-Talasah (open access)

Confederate Victory at Chusto-Talasah

Article details how the Five Civilized Tribes contributed to the Confederate victory at Chusto-Talasah, a battle fought in Indian Territory during the Civil War.
Date: Winter 1971
Creator: Fischer, LeRoy H. & Franks, Kenny A. (Kenny Arthur), 1945-
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Confederate Indian Forces Outside of Indian Territory (open access)

Confederate Indian Forces Outside of Indian Territory

Article narrates the battles fought by American Indian and Confederate regiments against the Union during the American Civil War. The battles described were fought outside of Indian Territory, the site of modern day Oklahoma.
Date: Summer 1968
Creator: Fischer, LeRoy H. & Gill, Jerry L.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
In Defense of Sovereignty: Cherokee Soldiers, White Officers, and Discipline in the Third Indian Home Guard (open access)

In Defense of Sovereignty: Cherokee Soldiers, White Officers, and Discipline in the Third Indian Home Guard

This article explores the ways in which Cherokees managed discipline in the Third Indian Home Guard of the Union army to achieve their ultimate goal to reconquer the Cherokee Nation from the Confederate forces and preserve Cherokee sovereignty.
Date: Winter 2004
Creator: Jones, Trevor
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Battle of Honey Springs (open access)

The Battle of Honey Springs

Article chronicles the events that transpired during the Battle of Honey Springs that was fought during the Civil War.
Date: Summer 1935
Creator: Freeman, Charles R.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Honey Springs National Battlefield Park Movement (open access)

The Honey Springs National Battlefield Park Movement

Article outlines the events surrounding the centennial anniversary of the Battle of Honey Springs, the largest battle fought during the Civil War within present-day Oklahoma. The battle was the catalyst for Federal troops to gain control of the territory through the capture of Fort Smith. A commemorative park was created for the battlefield.
Date: Spring 1969
Creator: Fischer, LeRoy H.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Early Military Forts and Posts in Oklahoma (open access)

Early Military Forts and Posts in Oklahoma

Book discussing the history behind the early forts and military camps in Oklahoma, including Fort Towson, Fort Gibson, and Fort Washita. Index begins on page 129.
Date: 1978
Creator: Faulk, Odie B.; Franks, Kenny Arthur, 1945- & Lambert, Paul F.
Object Type: Book
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Fort McCulloch (open access)

Fort McCulloch

Article chronicles the military activities that took place in and around Fort McCulloch, a Confederate fort within Oklahoma. This article pays close attention to the actions of General Albert Pike, commander of all the military forces of the Confederacy within the Indian Territory.
Date: Autumn 1926
Creator: Morrison, W. B.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Second Federal Invasion of Indian Territory (open access)

The Second Federal Invasion of Indian Territory

Article relates the events of the second expedition, or invasion, led by federal forces into Indian Territory during the Civil War. William J. Willey explores the course of the military struggles that followed as an important phase of the Civil War.
Date: Winter 1966
Creator: Willey, William J.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Capture of the J. R. Williams (open access)

The Capture of the J. R. Williams

Article details the capture of the federal steamboat, J. R. Williams, and efforts by Confederate guerilla fighter Colonel Stand Watie to recapture the Arkansas River area for the South.
Date: Spring 1982
Creator: Lee, Keun Sang
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Final Campaign: The Confederate Offensive of 1864 (open access)

The Final Campaign: The Confederate Offensive of 1864

Article details the campaign of Confederate Major General Samuel Bell Maxey against the federal army at Forts Smith and Gibson in Indian Territory. Tom Franzmann attests that the campaign is often overlooked in Oklahoma history and requires a more thorough exposure to determine its effectiveness.
Date: Autumn 1985
Creator: Franzmann, Tom L.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Indian Regiments in the Battle of Pea Ridge (open access)

The Indian Regiments in the Battle of Pea Ridge

Article chronicles how the Confederate States of America raised troops from Indigenous communities to fight alongside them during the Battle of Pea Ridge in the American Civil War.
Date: Winter 1947
Creator: Clifford, Roy A.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Oral History Interview with Mr. and Mrs. C.S. Sykes, September 27, 1971 (open access)

Oral History Interview with Mr. and Mrs. C.S. Sykes, September 27, 1971

Interview with Mr. C. S. Sykes, a US Army WWII veteran from Ardmore, Oklahoma, and his wife, from Tulsa, Oklahoma. Both were on Oahu on December 7th, 1941, and witnessed the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. They discuss the peacetime army, being stationed at Schofield Barracks, living on Kawailoa Beach, events prior to the attack, and events during the attack on Oahu.
Date: September 27, 1971
Creator: Marcello, Ronald E.; Sykes, C. S. & Sykes, Mrs. C. S.
Object Type: Book
System: The UNT Digital Library
Negro Troop Activity in Indian Territory, 1863-1865 (open access)

Negro Troop Activity in Indian Territory, 1863-1865

Article outlines the history and accomplishments of various Black infantry regiments throughout the Civil War. This was the first time in United States history that Black men were allowed to fight as soldiers for the country.
Date: Spring 1969
Creator: Rampp, Lary C.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
A Brief Excursion into Journalism (open access)

A Brief Excursion into Journalism

Article contains translations of The Choctaw and Chickasaw Observer, a newspaper handwritten and published in the Choctaw Nation during the Civil War.
Date: Winter 1973
Creator: Blaine, Martha Royce
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Campus Cadets: A History of Collegiate Military Training, 1891-1951 (open access)

The Campus Cadets: A History of Collegiate Military Training, 1891-1951

Article describes the history of military instruction of cadets at Oklahoma State University from 1891 to 1951. Philip Reed Rulon discusses curriculum, uniforms, and postwar training before World War I and World War II.
Date: Spring 1979
Creator: Rulon, Philip Reed
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Notes and Documents, Winter 1950-51 (open access)

Notes and Documents, Winter 1950-51

Notes and Documents column including a document about the completion of Oklahoma historical markers, an ad interim report about the site of the battle of round mountain, an announcement about the gift of records of the War of 1812 to the OHS, and a description of the Payne County Historical Society and their cooperation with the OHS.
Date: Winter 1950
Creator: Oklahoma Historical Society
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Lieutenant-General Theophilus Hunter Holmes, C. S. A., Founder of Fort Holmes (open access)

Lieutenant-General Theophilus Hunter Holmes, C. S. A., Founder of Fort Holmes

Article describes the military career of Lieutenant General Theophilus Hunter Holmes, founder of Fort Holmes. Carolyn Thomas Foreman discusses his participation in the Seminole Wars, the Mexican-American War, and focuses particularly on his service in the Confederate Army during the Civil War.
Date: Winter 1957
Creator: Foreman, Carolyn Thomas, 1872-1967
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History