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"Peculiarly Situated Between Rebellion and Loyalty": Civilized Tribes, Savagery, and the American Civil War (open access)

"Peculiarly Situated Between Rebellion and Loyalty": Civilized Tribes, Savagery, and the American Civil War

Article discusses the concept of "savagism" in the context of participation of the "Five Civilized Tribes" in the Civil War. Tom L. Franzmann investigates details and accounts of brutal practices conducted by both white and American Indian soldiers during the war and deconstructs the ideas that perpetrated society during the time.
Date: Summer 1998
Creator: Franzmann, Tom L.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Tar and Feather Patriotism: The Suppression of Dissent in Oklahoma during World War I (open access)

Tar and Feather Patriotism: The Suppression of Dissent in Oklahoma during World War I

Article describes the atmosphere of wartime Oklahoma in the early 1900s, the way those who resisted the draft were treated, and the abuse German-Americans suffered during this time in the name of patriotism.
Date: Winter 1978
Creator: Fowler, James H., II
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Creek Draft Rebellion of 1918: Wartime Hysteria and Indian-Baiting in WWI Oklahoma (open access)

The Creek Draft Rebellion of 1918: Wartime Hysteria and Indian-Baiting in WWI Oklahoma

Article depicts the events following the "Creek Draft Rebellion of 1918" and subsequent long and costly investigation into the leader of the demonstration, Ellen Perryman. Thomas A. Britten demonstrates the public hysteria perpetrated by the press and stereotypical negative image of Native Americans that was present in WWI Oklahoma.
Date: Summer 2001
Creator: Britten, Thomas A.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Chitto Harjo and the Snake Rebellion (open access)

Chitto Harjo and the Snake Rebellion

This article compares newspapers in Oklahoma to newspapers nationwide to discover the impact of the Snake Rebellion, led by Chitto Harjo.
Date: Summer 2010
Creator: Jones, Leslie
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
"The Smoked Meat Rebellion" (open access)

"The Smoked Meat Rebellion"

Article explores crime on the Oklahoma frontier in the early 1900s, referencing a particular instance of someone stealing a thousand pounds of smoked bacon, which earned the following events the name the "Smoked Meat Rebellion," also known as the Crazy Snake Rebellion. Mel H. Bolster discusses the interaction of Creeks, Creek freedmen, and the local law enforcement during these events.
Date: Spring 1953
Creator: Bolster, Mel H.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Radical Labor in Oklahoma: The Working Class Union (open access)

Radical Labor in Oklahoma: The Working Class Union

Article chronicles the history of the Green Corn Rebellion, a bloody protest led by the Working Class Union who opposed the United States joining World War I and the subsequent draft.
Date: Summer 1974
Creator: Warrick, Sherry
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
With Folded Arms? Or with Squirrel Guns? The IWW and the Green Corn Rebellion (open access)

With Folded Arms? Or with Squirrel Guns? The IWW and the Green Corn Rebellion

Article discusses the uprising that became known as the Green Corn Rebellion, an organization of tenant farmers in the Working Class Union to protest draft laws. Nigel Sellars examines its lack of connection with the Industrial Workers of the World despite public anti-radicalist assumptions.
Date: Summer 1999
Creator: Sellars, Nigel Anthony
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
War for Survival: The Wichita Indians during the Civil War (open access)

War for Survival: The Wichita Indians during the Civil War

Article describes the turmoil and travel the Wichita tribe faced during the Civil War, as they were relocated to Kansas as war refugees, then eventually made the trek back to their home in Indian Territory under threat of floods, epidemics, and attacks from neighboring tribes. Stan Hoig chronicles their journeys and provides historical context.
Date: Autumn 1984
Creator: Hoig, Stan
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
No Time to Quibble: The Jones Conspiracy Trial of 1917 (open access)

No Time to Quibble: The Jones Conspiracy Trial of 1917

Article examines the Jones Family trial that took place in 1917, when violent backlash to any kind of antiwar sentiment was common throughout the United States. The Jones Family was thought to be working with other draft dissenters who caused the Green Corn Rebellion, such as the Working Class Union (WCU).
Date: Summer 1981
Creator: Morton, Michael
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Red Stick War: Creek Indian Affairs During the War of 1812 (open access)

The Red Stick War: Creek Indian Affairs During the War of 1812

Article details the alliances made between the Creek Nation and other foreign powers as they fought for their lands within North America.
Date: Autumn 1934
Creator: Hall, Arthur H.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Civil War Sites in Oklahoma (open access)

Civil War Sites in Oklahoma

Article provides a detailed description of 86 historic sites in Oklahoma related to the Civil War in honor of its centennial, supported by extensive field research and consultation of sources. The list is arranged alphabetically by county.
Date: Summer 1966
Creator: Wright, Muriel H. (Muriel Hazel), 1889-1975 & Fischer, LeRoy H.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Fort Blunt Civil War Fortifications (open access)

Fort Blunt Civil War Fortifications

Article provides historical context for the fortification of Fort Gibson, previously named Fort Blunt by Union soldiers, through examination of archaeological evidence from the Civil War era.
Date: Autumn 2017
Creator: Cole, Robert L.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Frontier of Northwest Texas During the Civil War (open access)

The Frontier of Northwest Texas During the Civil War

Article details the scrimmages fought within the Texas frontier during the Civil War. The frontiersmen were given little aid from the Confederacy as it prepared to fight with the North.
Date: Summer 1972
Creator: Tate, Michael L.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Notes and Documents, Fall 2001 (open access)

Notes and Documents, Fall 2001

Notes and Documents column including a document honoring Louis H. Coleman, who was inducted into the annual Oklahoma Historians Hall of Fame in 2001. It also includes a document about the Garrison quilt, a quilt donated by the great-grandson of Stephen A. Lewis, the Union soldier who created it, and a document that provides a descriptive bibliography of secondary sources related to the Green Corn Rebellion.
Date: Autumn 2001
Creator: Armstrong, Connie G.; Winchester, Jean A. & Hanne, Daniel
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Place of Indian Territory in the Command Structure of the Civil War (open access)

The Place of Indian Territory in the Command Structure of the Civil War

Article describes the Union (or Federal) army and Confederate army commanders who were in charge of the different areas of Indian Territory throughout the years of the Civil War, from 1861 to 1865.
Date: Winter 1967
Creator: Shirk, George H.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Civil War Battle of Barren Creek Indian Territory, 1863 (open access)

Civil War Battle of Barren Creek Indian Territory, 1863

Article narrates the events surrounding the Civil War Battle of Barren Creek, a small Union victory that took place in the central part of the Cherokee Nation.
Date: Spring 1970
Creator: Ramp, Lary C.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
A Civil War Experience of Some Arkansas Women in Indian Territory (open access)

A Civil War Experience of Some Arkansas Women in Indian Territory

Article provides an account by Francena Lavinia Martin Sutton, one of a party of five women and three children who journeyed to Arkansas in the midst of the Civil War. Sutton relates struggles they faced on the road and interactions with Choctaws, who hosted them when they wandered into Indian Territory.
Date: Spring 1979
Creator: Martin Sutton, Francena Lavinia & Fischer, LeRoy H.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Now the Wolf Has Come: The Civilian Civil War in the Indian Territory (open access)

Now the Wolf Has Come: The Civilian Civil War in the Indian Territory

Article provides documentation of personal experiences from those living in Indian Territory during the Civil War to illustrate its disastrous effects on the lives of individual citizens.
Date: Spring 1993
Creator: Warde, Mary Jane
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Rehearsal for Civil War: The Texas Cavalry in the Indian Territory, 1861 (open access)

Rehearsal for Civil War: The Texas Cavalry in the Indian Territory, 1861

Article explores the skirmishes led by Texas cavalry units and their Indian allies in the south that acted as a precursor for a much larger conflict, the Civil War. Douglas Hale investigates how loyalties to the different armies caused intertribal conflict and damage to Indian Territory.
Date: Autumn 1990
Creator: Hale, Douglas
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Political Machinations, Texan Intimidations: The Choctaw Nation Enters the Civil War (open access)

Political Machinations, Texan Intimidations: The Choctaw Nation Enters the Civil War

Article examines documentation created by Presbyterian missionaries to determine the nature of the Confederate-Choctaw alliance during the Civil War, which occurred against the wishes of the Choctaws who desired neutrality.
Date: Summer 2016
Creator: Cowsert, Zachery C.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Civil War in the Indian Territory, 1862: Part 3 (open access)

The Civil War in the Indian Territory, 1862: Part 3

Article chronicles how Confederate generals built forts and campaigned throughout the Indian Territory during the Civil War.
Date: Winter 1941
Creator: Trickett, Dean
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Civil War in the Indian Territory, 1861: Part 2 (open access)

The Civil War in the Indian Territory, 1861: Part 2

Article documents the Union's efforts to establish agreements with the Five Civilized Tribes as allies at the start of the Civil War.
Date: Winter 1939
Creator: Trickett, Dean
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
"Practically a Military School": The University of Oklahoma and World War I (open access)

"Practically a Military School": The University of Oklahoma and World War I

Article detailing the University of Oklahoma's reaction and response to the declaration of World War I in 1917. This includes the University of Oklahoma's administration, faculty, and students' actions to support the war effort. The revamped campus included barracks and military-training facilities. A Student Army Training Corps, precursor to ROTC, was born, and numerous students and faculty entered the armed services.
Date: Summer 2006
Creator: Levy, David W.
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Civil War in Indian Territory, 1862: Part 1 & 2 (open access)

The Civil War in Indian Territory, 1862: Part 1 & 2

Article chronicles the changes in policy making for the enlistment of Indigenous people into the Union army during the first years of the Civil War.
Date: Spring 1941
Creator: Trickett, Dean
Object Type: Article
System: The Gateway to Oklahoma History