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States
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Historic Resources of Oklahoma's All-Black Towns: A Preservation Profile
Article explores the history of all-black towns in Oklahoma and provides recommendations for their preservation. George O. Carney discusses the reasons for the migration of freedmen to the area and the impact of the growth of generations of black citizens working towards a better future.
Date:
Summer 1991
Creator:
Carney, George O.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The First Americans' Tribute to the First President
Article discusses the creation of the Washington National Monument and the tribute stone placed by Cherokee, Chickasaw, Stockbridge, Creek, and Choctaw delegates at the completion of the memorial.
Date:
Summer 1979
Creator:
Campbell, Janet
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
West Edwards Days: African Americans in Territorial Edmond
Article describes the nearly forgotten African American community centered around West Edwards Street in territorial Edmond.
Date:
Summer 2019
Creator:
Lehman, Christopher P.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Did Oklahoma African Americans Vote Between 1910 and 1943?
Article analyzes election results during the years of 1910 and 1943 to determine if African Americans were voting in Oklahoma despite attempts to disenfranchise them by the Oklahoma Legislature. Although the US Supreme Court had rendered the "Grandfather Clause" unconstitutional, more obstacles were being created.
Date:
Spring 2015
Creator:
Darcy, R.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
A Reading Room of Their Own: Library Services for African Americans in Oklahoma, 1907-1946
Article discussing the struggles African American Oklahomans faced for access to public library services. The first forty years of statehood brought a few successes, and by mid-century only eleven communities provided a public library facility for the state's black citizens.
Date:
Autumn 2006
Creator:
Cassity, R. O. Joe, Jr.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The "Oklahoma Vorwärts": The Voice of German-Americans in Oklahoma During World War I
Article describes the history of settlement in Oklahoma by German-Americans, one of the most successful German-language newspapers in Oklahoma, and the hostility they faced in the 1910s as a result of wartime hysteria.
Date:
Summer 1976
Creator:
Bilger, Edda
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Colorblind Proletarian Brotherhood: African Americans, American Indians, and Racial Inclusivity in the Oklahoma Socialist Party
Article explores the ways the Oklahoma Socialist Party promoted racial inclusion as well as missed opportunities in the early twentieth century. Matthew F. Simmons provides historical background for marginalized groups in Oklahoma, specifically African Americans and American Indians.
Date:
Winter 2018
Creator:
Simmons, Matthew F.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
"All In": The Rise of Tribal Gaming
Article describes the struggle over jurisdiction that resulted in compacts to govern tribal gaming.
Date:
Winter 2015
Creator:
Dickson, Kathy
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Sundown on the Prairie: The Extralegal Campaigns and Efforts from 1889 to 1967 to Exclude African Americans from Norman, Oklahoma
Article depicts how Norman used extralegal means to maintain its status as a "sundown town," a place where African Americans were not welcome after dark, well into the mid-twentieth century.
Date:
Autumn 2018
Creator:
Givel, Michael S.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Boley, Oklahoma
Article describes the founding of Boley, Oklahoma, one of the largest all-black towns in Oklahoma, and the townsite speculation process that occurred beforehand.
Date:
Summer 1977
Creator:
Hamilton, Kenneth Marvin
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Heaven to Hell: Samuel Robert Cassius and Black Life in Oklahoma, 1891-1923
Article describes the experience of preacher and teacher, Samuel Robert Cassius, in Oklahoma. He came to Oklahoma Territory, believing it to be a haven of freedom and opportunity for African-Americans, but ultimately left in 1923 due to religious hostility and racial discrimination.
Date:
Spring 2006
Creator:
Robinson, Edward J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Latino Impress in Oklahoma City
Article explores the history of Latino influence in Oklahoma City as well as the continuing growth of the vibrant Hispanic cultural landscape.
Date:
Spring 2011
Creator:
Widener, Jeffrey M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
They Fought for Votes: The White Politician and the Black Editor
Article explores the struggle for black representation in politics in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries through the conflict between white Republican congressional delegate Bird Segle McGuire and black newspaper editor Stephen Douglass Russell, Sr.
Date:
Spring 1986
Creator:
Williams, Nudie E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Necrology, Fall 1951
Column documenting biographical information about Oklahomans who have died; this issue discusses the life and career of educator and superintendent of schools in Oklahoma, Adolph Linscheid.
Date:
Autumn 1951
Creator:
Davison, Oscar W.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Witness to History: Booker T. Washington Visits Boley
Article describes Booker T. Washington's visits to the all-black town of Boley, Oklahoma, to show his support for the community. Norman L. Crockett includes documentation from the time to provide a more detailed picture of the renowned educator's visits and studies the birth and death of the town.
Date:
Winter 1989
Creator:
Crockett, Norman L.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Negro Troop Activity in Indian Territory, 1863-1865
Article outlines the history and accomplishments of various Black infantry regiments throughout the Civil War. This was the first time in United States history that Black men were allowed to fight as soldiers for the country.
Date:
Spring 1969
Creator:
Rampp, Lary C.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
From the Brazos to the North Fork: The Autobiography of Otto Koeltzow, Part One
Article provides and introduction to and includes an excerpt of the autobiography of Otto Koeltzow, a migrant from Germany who homesteaded Greer County, Oklahoma Territory and weathered many difficulties to establish a community there.
Date:
Summer 1962
Creator:
Gibson, Arrell M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
In Bilingual Old Okarche
Article discusses the growth and development of Okarche, Oklahoma. Though the town was founded mainly by German settlers, W. A. Willibrand explores the other people groups that lived there and traced the history of The Okarche Times, the local newspaper, and its editors.
Date:
Autumn 1951
Creator:
Willibrand, W. A.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Oklahoma's African American Rodeo Performers
Article describes the history of African American rodeo performers beginning with the growth of the cattle industry in Oklahoma and Indian Territory, from cowboys and ranch hands to eventual rodeo champions. Roger D. Hardaway highlights the lives and careers of several key performers.
Date:
Summer 2011
Creator:
Hardaway, Roger D.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Black Men Who Wore the "Star"
Article explores the accomplishments of black men who became deputy marshals to enforce the law on the frontier of Indian Territory. Nudie E. Williams focuses on the lives and motivations of three men in particular: Bass Reeves, Zeke Miller, and Grant Johnson.
Date:
Spring 1981
Creator:
Williams, Nudie E.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The 1969 Oklahoma City Garbage Strike
Article covers the Oklahoma City worker's strike in 1969 when sanitation workers, mostly African Americans, went on strike for higher wages and better working conditions. The article expounds on the reasons for the strike, the attention it received locally and nationally from African American politicians and organizations, and the results of the resolve of the strikers and their supporters.
Date:
Winter 2010
Creator:
Lowitt, Richard, 1922-2018
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Henry Kamp and Cultural Pluralism in Oklahoma City
Article explores cultural pluralism in Oklahoma through the story of Henry Kamp, a German-American who established a home for his family in Oklahoma despite the difficulties created by anti-German sentiment during the first World War.
Date:
Spring 1977
Creator:
Elder, Harris J.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Edward P. McCabe and the Langston Experiment
Article chronicles the activism done by Edward P. McCabe, the first African-American person elected to a public office outside of the South, as he encouraged more African-American people to settle within Oklahoma Territory. The article tells his story through newspaper articles published at the time.
Date:
Autumn 1973
Creator:
Roberson, Jere W.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
From the Brazos to the North Fork: The Autobiography of Otto Koeltzow, Part Two
Article continues the excerpt of the autobiography of Otto Koeltzow, a migrant from Germany who homesteaded Greer County, Oklahoma Territory, in this second part of A. M. Gibson's article. Koeltzow discusses life in a dugout, interactions with other homesteaders, farming, and the move to Kiowa County.
Date:
Autumn 1962
Creator:
Gibson, Arrell M.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History