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Silicon Ribbon Growth by a Capillary Action Shaping Technique
The crystal-growth method under investigation is a capillary action shaping technique. Meniscus shaping for the desired ribbon geometry occurs at the vertex of a wettable die. As ribbon growth depletes the melt meniscus, capillary .action. supplies replacement material. In this report, a new capillary die design is described. It represents a departure from the die types used for edge-defined, film-fed growth, in that the bounding edges of the die top are not parallel or concentric with the growing ribbon. The new dies allow a higher melt meniscus with concomitant improvements in surface smoothness and freedom from SiC surface particles, which can degrade perfection. Also in this reporting period, ribbons were grown for delivery to JPL. Twenty ribbons and 30 ribbon samples were shipped. Detailed dimensional characteristics of most ribbons grown during the past year are presented. Finally, our initial progress in the growth of 38-mm (1-1/2-inch)-wide ribbons, up to 46 cm in length, is reported.
Date:
June 15, 1976
Creator:
Schwuttke, G. H.; Cizeck, T. F. & Kran, A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Residential energy use to the Year 2000: a regional analysis
A previous ORNL report (ORNL/CON-13) evaluates the national energy and direct economic effects of implementing various residential energy conservation programs. This report evaluates the effects of these programs in each of the ten Federal regions. The programs considered are those proposed in the National Energy Plan: appliance efficiency targets, thermal standards for construction of new residences, and weatherization of existing housing units. Implementation of these programs might cut cumulative (1977-2000) national residential energy use by 41 QBtu. Relative energy savings are highest in Regions 7 and 8 (11 and 10% respectively, of their baselines) and smallest in Region 9 (7%). The net economic benefit to the nation's households of these three Federal programs is $21 billion. Benefits exceed costs in each region; the benefit/cost ratio ranges from a low of 1.4 in Region 10 to a high of 2.0 in Region 6. 21 tables, 8 figs, 19 refs., plus 10 p. computer printout.
Date:
November 1, 1977
Creator:
Hirst, E. & Kurish, J.B.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Site specific analysis of geothermal development-data files of prospective sites. Volume II
Development scenarios for 37 hydrothermal and geopressured prospects in the United States were analyzed to assist DOE's Division of Geothermal Energy in mission-oriented planning of geothermal resource development. This second volume of the three-volume series contains the detailed site-specific analyses in terms of technological, economic, and other requirements for meeting the postulated schedules. This presentation should be used in conjunction with Volume III, which contains detailed descriptive data files for each of the 37 prospects. These data files were used for the analyses contained in Volume II and should be useful for other geothermal resource studies. (JGB)
Date:
August 1, 1978
Creator:
Trehan, R.; Cohen, A.; Gupta, J.; Jacobsen, W.; Leigh, J. & True, S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Petrology and Geochemistry of Boninite Series Volcanic Rocks,Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan
An Eocene submarine boninite series volcanic center isexposed on the island of Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan. Five rocktypes, boninite, bronzite andesite, dacite, quartz dacite, and rhyolite,were distinguished within the boninite volcanic sequence on the basis ofpetrographic and geochemical observations. Boninite lavas contain highmagnesium, nickel, and chromium contentsindicative of primitive melts,but have high silica contents relative to other mantle-derived magmas.All boninite series lavas contain very low incompatible elementconcentrations, and concentrations of high-field strength elements inprimitive boninite lavas are less than half of those found in depletedmid-ocean ridge basalts. Abundances of large-ion lithophile elements arerelatively high in boninite series lavas, similar to the enrichmentsobserved in many island arc lavas. Trends for both major and traceelement data suggest that the more evolved lavas of the boninite magmaseries were derived primarily through high-level fractionalcrystallization of boninite. Textural features, such as resorption andglomeroporphyrocrysts, and reverse chemical zonations suggest that magmamixing contributed to the development of the quartz dacitelavas.
Date:
January 1, 1977
Creator:
Dobson, Patrick F.; Blank, Jennifer G.; Maruyama, Shigenori & Liou, J.G.
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Industrial Sector Technology Use Model (ISTUM): industrial energy use in the United States, 1974-2000. Volume 2. Results
This volume, the second of a four-volume report, presents the current status of the Industrial Sector Technology Use Model (ISTUM), an analysis and projection of the use of energy in the industrial sector, developed as a tool to develop insights on the energy future of the US. Volume 1 describes the model logic and primary data inputs of ISTUM. This volume presents the results of the initial base case run of ISTUM. Volumes III and IV discuss in detail the energy demand data inputs and technology cost inputs, respectively. It is believed that, given the specified policy scenarios, the results presented in this volume provide an accurate picture of the trends in the demands for fuels and technologies for the remainder of the century. Following the introductory chapter, chapters are entitled: Projected Trends in Industrial Fuel Consumption; Projected Contributions of Technologies to the Industrial Sector; and Service Sector Perspectives of ISTUM 4/6/78 Base Case Results (steam sector, direct heat - intermediate and dirty; indirect heat - coal capable; machine drive service sector; electrolytic sector; space heat; indirect - not coal capable; calcining; glass melting; brick and clay firing; iron making; and steel reheating).
Date:
June 19, 1978
Creator:
Bohn, R.E. & Herod, J.S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Nuclear proliferation and civilian nuclear power: report of the Nonproliferation Alternative Systems Assessment Program. Volume III. Resources and fuel cycle facilities
Volume III explores resources and fuel cycle facilities. Chapters are devoted to: estimates of US uranium resources and supply; comparison of US uranium demands with US production capability forecasts; estimates of foreign uranium resources and supply; comparison of foreign uranium demands with foreign production capability forecasts; and world supply and demand for other resources and fuel cycle services. An appendix gives uranium, fissile material, and separative work requirements for selected reactors and fuel cycles.
Date:
December 1, 1979
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Competitive economics of United States and foreign refining
The existing Caribbean export refineries are at a competitive advantage relative to all US Gulf Coast refineries except the very large, high conversion facilities. The advantage ranges from a minimum of $0.45 per barrel to a maximum of $2.14 per barrel (1978 US dollars) in 1980 with US crude oil prices at world levels. The existing European export refineries are also at a competitive advantage relative to the hydroskimming and low conversion US Gulf Coast refineries. Higher crude oil and product transportation costs reduce the European export refinery's competitive advantage compared to its Caribbean counterpart. The Caribbean and Roggerdam refiner's competitive position would be significantly enhanced with the addition of conversion facilities to increase gasoline and distillate yields. The advantage in 1985 would increase to a maximum of $2.54 per barrel (1978 dollars). Higher crude oil and product transportation costs due to natural port limitations and the Jones Act are key factors determining the US Gulf Coast refiner's competitive position. These locational disadvantages in addition to US emission standards account for $1.42 and $0.94 barrel of the competitive advantage of the Caribbean and European export refineries, respectively. New US refineries are at an even greater disadvantage relative to foreign competition. …
Date:
December 1, 1979
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Health and Safety Laboratory Environmental Quarterly Report: October 1, 1977, Appendix
Report that presents information regarding chemical and radioactive pollution in the world. This appendix includes a quarterly report of the deposition of strontium-90 and measurements of radionuclides and lead in surface air, milk, and tapwater. Includes a table of radionuclides.
Date:
October 1, 1977
Creator:
HASL (New York, N.Y.)
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Project appraisal methodology sensitivity analysis
The division uses the project appraisal methodology to make decisions about how to allocate federal funds to candidate R and D projects. The division is responsible for over 30 research and development (R and D) projects. Due to the large number of projects and the great variety in projects, funding decisions would be difficult without a methodology. The methodology scores R and D projects according to the following eight criteria: energy savings, technical risk, cost, commercial potential, uniqueness, resource availability, environmental impact, and legal, social, and institutional effects. Projects with high scores are deemed more favorable for funding than projects with low scores. Two issues have been raised concerning the methodology. The first issue relates to the question: how accurate must project data be in order to make a reasonably sound assessment of a project's merit relative to other candidate projects. An understanding of the sensitivity of scores to data inputs would enable the division to set priorities for refining and validating data inputs. The second issue pertains to the question: which elements of the methodology should be altered to reflect changes in the division's mission. The division's mission has been changing rapidly over the last two years as a …
Date:
August 1, 1978
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Appendix to health and safety laboratory environmental quarterly. [Fallout /sup 90/Sr deposition at world sites and environmental transport to man, Pb content in surface air]
Tablulated data are presented on fallout /sup 90/Sr deposition at world land sites; radionuclides on Pb in surface air; and /sup 90/Sr content in samples of milk and drinking water.
Date:
October 1, 1977
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Regional analysis of residential water heating options: energy use and economics
This report evaluates the energy and direct economic effects of introducing improved electric-water-heating systems to the residential market. These systems are: electric heat pumps offered in 1981, solar systems offered in 1977, and solar systems offered in 1977 with a Federal tax credit in effect from 1977 through 1984. The ORNL residential energy model is used to calculate energy savings by type of fuel for each system in each of the ten Federal regions and for the nation as a whole for each year between 1977 and 2000. Changes in annual fuel bills and capital costs for water heaters are also computed at the same level of detail. Model results suggest that heat-pump water heaters are likely to offer much larger energy and economic benefits than will solar systems, even with tax credits. This is because heat pumps provide about the same savings in electricity for water heating (about half) at a much lower capital cost ($700 to $2000) than do solar systems. However, these results are based on highly uncertain estimates of future performance and cost characteristics for both heat pump and solar systems. The cumulative national energy saving by the year 2000 due to commercialization of heat-pump water …
Date:
October 1, 1978
Creator:
O'Neal, D.; Carney, J. & Hirst, E.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Updated projections of air quality impacts for electric cars
Future air pollution emissions and resulting air quality are projected for the five primary air pollutants: total suspended particulates (TSP), sulfur oxides (SO/sub x/), nitrogen oxides (NO/sub x), total hydrocarbons (THC), and carbon monoxide (CO). Separate projections are made for three future years - 1980, 1990, and 2000 - and for three assumed levels of electric car use - zero, 10%, and 100%. Emissions and air quality are analyzed for each of the 24 Air Quality Control Regions (AQCRs) having the largest populations in 1975. Emission projections are made using an improved version of the Regional Emissions Projection System which uses the 1975 National Emissions Data System, 1977 state OBERS growth projections, recent state implementation plans and new source performance standards, and electric utility fuel forecasts from the Recharge Capacity Projection System.
Date:
July 1, 1979
Creator:
Collins, M.M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Vegetation: ecoclimatic and soil factors. Final environmental research report
Vegetation studies were begun on the LOFRECO site during the spring of 1978 and continued through the summer of 1979. The principal components of the two year intensive study include collection and analysis of data in the areas of vegetation, ecoclimate, and soils. This report contains the results of the two-year study, presenting data collected from the three main study topics and interpretive analyses of intra-topical correlations. First year (1978) data, including one-time soil studies, have been previously presented in a series of reports. Data collected during the second year of study are presented in this appendix.
Date:
January 1, 1979
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Silicon ribbon growth by a capillary action shaping technique. Quarterly technical progress report No. 6
The effects of capillary die design on dopant distribution are described. A new technique for thermal geometry control utilizing inert-gas purging was implemented. Routine 38-mm-wide ribbon growth was demonstrated. 50-mm-wide ribbon growth in a length over one meter was achieved. A technology projection and guide to future silicon sheet growth was completed. (WDM)
Date:
December 15, 1976
Creator:
Schwuttke, G. H.; Ciszek, T. F. & Kran, A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Consensus forecast of U. S. energy supply and demand to the year 2000
Methods used in forecasting energy supply and demand are described, and recent forecasts are reviewed briefly. Forecasts to the year 2000 are displayed in tables and graphs and are used to prepare consensus forecasts for each form of fuel and energy supply. Fuel demand and energy use by consuming sector are tabulated for 1972 and 1975 for the various fuel forms. The distribution of energy consumption by use sector, as projected for the years 1985 and 2000 in the ERDA-48 planning report (Scenario V), is normalized to match the consensus energy supply forecasts. The results are tabulated listing future demand for each fuel and energy form by each major energy-use category. Recent estimates of U.S. energy resources are also reviewed briefly and are presented in tables for each fuel and energy form. The outlook for fossil fuel resources to the year 2040, as developed by the Institute for Energy Analysis at the Oak Ridge Associated Universities, is also presented.
Date:
February 1, 1976
Creator:
Lane, J. A.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Energy-conservation opportunities in appliances using energy storage. Final report
During this program, the use of energy storage in conventional appliances to save energy was evaluated. Fuel-fired appliances, electric appliances, and utility load leveling by energy storage on the customer's side of the meter were considered. For each of the appliances treated, various energy-storage techniques were evaluated by estimating the energy savings and the cost of the required storage system. An estimate of the commercial feasibility of each system was made based on the years necessary to pay back the cost of the storage system. In addition, when alternate approaches could be used to improve the efficiency of the appliance without energy storage, the costs of these methods were considered in the evaluation. The analyses found that the most-promising applications involved the use of point-of-use thermal energy storage for electric-utility load-leveling. However, although substantial utility operating cost savings can be achieved, there may be little or no actual energy saving when all losses are considered. For applications other than load-leveling, energy savings were too small to pay back the added cost of the storage system in an acceptable time.
Date:
November 30, 1978
Creator:
Lawrence, W.T.; Demetri, E.P. & Lee, W.D.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Time-temperature correspondence of the dynamic mechanical properties of halthane 73-18 and halthane 87-1
The time-temperature correspondence of the storage shear modulus, loss shear modulus, and loss tangent of two urethane adhesives, Halthane 73-18 and Halthane 87-1, have been determined. Experimental determinations of the frequency dependence of the shear moduli were made from 0.01 to 3.0 Hz at various temperatures ranging from -60/sup 0/C for Halthane 73-18 and -91.5/sup 0/C for Halthane 87-1 to 25/sup 0/C for both. The WLF equation was used to determine the frequency dependence of the shear moduli and loss tangent up to frequencies of 10 PHz.
Date:
November 1, 1978
Creator:
Baker, G.K.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Industrial Sector Technology Use Model (ISTUM): industrial energy use in the United States, 1974-2000. Volume 4. Technology appendix
This volume of the 4-volume ISTUM documentation gives information on the individual technology specifications. The first chapter presents a general overview of the ISTUM technology data bases. It includes an explanation of the data-base printouts and how the separate-cost building blocks are combined to derive an aggregate-technology cost. The remaining chapters document the specific-technology-cost specifications. Boiler technologies (conventional coal steam, conventional natural gas and oil in the steam-service sector, black liquor and wood boilers, and space-heat service sector) and non-boiler conventional technologies (natural gas non-boiler, oil-fired non-boiler, coal-fired non-boiler technologies and non-boiler primary system costs) are covered in Chapter II. Chapter III, Fossil Energy Technologies, covers atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion, low-Btu gasification of coal, and medium-Btu gasification. Chapter IV, Cogeneration and Self-Generation Technologies, covers the steam service sector, machine-drive service sector, and electrolytic service sector. Solar and geothermal technologies (solar steam, solar space heat, and geothermal steam technologies) are covered in Chapter V, while Chapter VI covers conservation technologies. (MCW)
Date:
June 19, 1978
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Environmental baseline monitoring in the area of general crude oil - Department of Energy Pleasant Bayou Number 1 - a geopressured-geothermal test well, 1978. Volume II. Appendix I. Microseismic monitoring, Teledyne Geotech, Garland, Texas. Annual report
This is an interim report on a project to monitor microseismic activity in the vicinity of a future geopressured well test site in Brazoria County, Texas. The data collected to date indicate that numerous weak seismic sources are intermittently active in the vicinity of the test site. However, all of these sources appear to be related to cultural or industrial activity of undetermined origin. At the present time there is no evidence for naturally occurring seismic acitivty within 4 kilometers of the future test site with local magnitudes in excess of 0.25.
Date:
January 1, 1979
Creator:
Gustavson, Thomas C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Silicon Materials Task of the Low Cost Solar Array Project (Phase II). Effect of impurities and processing on silicon solar cells. Phase II. Summary and eleventh quarterly report
The effects of various processes, metal contaminants and contaminant-process interactions on the performance of terrestrial silicon solar cells were investigated. A variety of aspects including thermal treatments, crystal growth rate, base doping concentration (low resistivity), base doping type (n vs. p), grain boundary structure, and carbon/oxygen-metal interactions (float zone vs Czochralski growth) were studied. The effects of various metallic impurities were studied, introduced singly or in combination into Czochralski, float zone and polycrystalline silicon ingots and into silicon ribbons grown by the dendritic web process. The totality of the solar cell data (comprising over 4000 cells) indicate that impurity-induced performance loss is primarily due to reduction in base diffusion length. Based on this assumption an analytical model has been developed which predicts cell performance as a function of metal impurity content. The model has now been verified for p-base material by correlating the projected and measured performance of solar cells made on 19 ingots bearing multiple impurities.
Date:
July 1, 1978
Creator:
Hopkins, R. H.; Davis, J. R.; Blais, P. D.; Rohatgi, A.; Rai-Choudhury, P.; Hanes, M. H. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Environmental surveillance at Hanford for CY-1975 data
This document contains detailed data collected by the Hanford Environmental Surveillance program during 1975. Environmental Surveillance responsibilities at Hanford are divided between Hanford Environmental Health Foundation (HEHF) and Battelle-Northwest (BNW). HEHF is responsible for measuring all nonradiological air quality and sanitary water parameters of interest. BNW is responsible for measuring radiological parameters in all environmental media of significance and for measuring both radiological and nonradiological parameters of Columbia River water and ground water. A brief description of the method and location of sample collection during 1975 is included. Data are tabulated on the content of specific radionuclides in surface air. Columbia River water, drinking water, ground water, foods, fish, and wild animals. Data are also included on content of NO/sub 2/ and SO/sub 2/ in air, nitrates in Columbia River water, ground water, and drinking water, and water quality of samples of Columbia River water collected at various sampling locations. (CH)
Date:
April 1, 1976
Creator:
Blumer, P. J.; Fix, J. J. & Speer, D. R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Estimation, forecasting, and multiplier-simulation analyses of industrial demand for electricity in the United States
This paper discusses the specification of electricity demand and price equations for manufacturing industries and presents empirical results, based on the data for 16 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) three-digit industries from 1959 to 1976. Performances of estimated coefficients for the equations are evaluated by sample-period simulation tests. The estimated coefficients are then used to forecast electricity demand by industry and also to conduct multiplier-simulation analysis. Preliminary results show that most of the estimated coefficients have the expected signs and are statistically significant. The estimated equations perform well in terms of sample-period simulation tests, registering small mean absolute percentage errors and mean square percentage errors. Forecasted results indicate that total electricity demand for the sector will grow at an average annual rate of 3.4% from 1977 to 1990 with a wide range of variation in the growth rates of individual industries. Results from multiplier simulation analyses reveal that changes in the price of natural gas, the value added, and the costs of generating electricity will affect future industrial demand for electricity substantially.
Date:
January 1, 1979
Creator:
Chang, H S & Chern, W S
Object Type:
Article
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Materials availability for fusion power plant construction
A preliminary assessment was made of the estimated total U.S. material usage with and without fusion power plants as well as the U.S. and foreign reserves and resources, and U.S. production capacity. The potential environmental impacts of fusion power plant material procurement were also reviewed including land alteration and resultant chemical releases. To provide a general measure for the impact of material procurement for fusion reactors, land requirements were estimated for mining and disposing of waste from mining.
Date:
September 1, 1976
Creator:
Hartley, J. N.; Erickson, L. E.; Engel, R. L. & Foley, T. J.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Energy availabilities for state and local development: projected energy patterns for 1980 and 1985
This report presents projections of the supply, demand, and net imports of seven fuel types and four final consuming sectors for BEAs, states, census regions, and the nation for 1980 and 1985. The data are formatted to present regional energy availability from primary extraction, as well as from regional transformation processes. As constructed, the tables depict energy balances between availability and use for each of the specific fuels. The objective of the program is to provide a consistent base of historic and projected energy information within a standard format. Such a framework should aid regional policymakers in their consideration of regional growth issues that may be influenced by the regional energy system. This basic data must be supplemented by region-specific information which only the local policy analyst can bring to bear in his assessment of the energy conditions which characterize each region. The energy data, coupled with specific knowledge of projected economic growth and employment patterns, can assist EDA in developing its grant-in-aid investment strategy.
Date:
June 1, 1978
Creator:
Vogt, D. P.; Rice, P. L. & Pai, V. P.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library