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Annual Energy Review 1993 (open access)

Annual Energy Review 1993

This twelfth edition of the Annual Energy Review (AER) presents the Energy Information Administration`s historical energy statistics. For most series, statistics are given for every year from 1949 through 1993. Because coverage spans four and a half decades, the statistics in this report are well-suited to long-term trend analyses. The AER is comprehensive. It covers all major energy activities, including consumption, production, trade, stocks, and prices, for all major energy commodities, including fossil fuels and electricity. The AER also presents Energy Information Administration (EIA) statistics on some renewable energy sources. EIA estimates that its consumption series include about half of the renewable energy used in the United States. For a more complete discussion of EIA`s renewables data, see p. xix, ``Introducing Expanded Coverage of Renewable Energy Data Into the Historical Consumption Series.`` Copies of the 1993 edition of the Annual Energy Review may be obtained by using the order form in the back of this publication. Most of the data in the 1993 edition also are available on personal computer diskette. For more information about the diskettes, see the back of this publication. In addition, the data are available as part of the National Economic, Social, and Environmental Data Bank …
Date: July 14, 1994
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Effects of High-pH and High-Ionic-Strength Groundwater on Iodide, Pertechnetate, and Selenate Sorption to Hanford Sediments: Final Report for Subtask 3a (open access)

Effects of High-pH and High-Ionic-Strength Groundwater on Iodide, Pertechnetate, and Selenate Sorption to Hanford Sediments: Final Report for Subtask 3a

As part of the Immobilized Low-Activity Waste-Performance Assessment three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the expected near-field chemistry on the sorption of iodide, selenate, and pertechnetate onto a sediment obtained from the Hanford Site. These experiments were performed in fiscal year 1998 at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.' During these experiments, attention was directed at the identification of the chemical mechanisms controlling the sorption processes to provide technical defensibility for the selection of the distribution coefficients (IQ to be used in the remainder of the performance assessment. It was found, during the conduct of the experiments, that selenium and technetium I&s increased as ionic strength increased. The cause for this is most likely to be that the higher ionic strength caused the double layer around the particles to decrease, thereby permitting greater interaction with the mineral surfaces. Further, the pH level had an effect on the sorption of these anions. These are the first-ever experiments conducted with Hanford Site sediment in which the IQ were measured as a function of ionic strength and pH. Overall, the observed trends were consistent with more generalized geochemical principles. One of the most important contributions of these experiments was that they …
Date: October 14, 1998
Creator: Kaplan, DI; Parker, KE & Orr, RD
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Force and pressure characteristics for a series of nose inlets at Mach numbers from 1.59 to 1.99 3: conical-spike all-external-compression inlet with supersonic cowl lip (open access)

Force and pressure characteristics for a series of nose inlets at Mach numbers from 1.59 to 1.99 3: conical-spike all-external-compression inlet with supersonic cowl lip

Memorandum presenting an investigation conducted in the Lewis 8- by 6-foot supersonic wind tunnel to determine the force and pressure characteristics of an all-external compression inlet with a conical spike and a supersonic cowl lip. Measurements of lift, drag, pitching moment, and internal and external pressures were made at free-stream Mach numbers of 1.59, 1.79, and 1.99 for a range of mass-flow ratios and angles of attack to 10 degrees.
Date: February 14, 1951
Creator: Weinstein, Maynard I. & Davids, Joseph
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Laboratory testing of ozone oxidation of Hanford Site waste from Tank 241-SY-101 (open access)

Laboratory testing of ozone oxidation of Hanford Site waste from Tank 241-SY-101

Ozone was investigated as a reagent to oxidize and destroy organic species present in simulated and genuine waste from Hanford Site Tank 241-SY-101 (Tank 101-SY). Two high-shear mixing apparatus were tested to perform the gas-to-solution mass transfer necessary to achieve efficient use of the ozone reagent. Oxidations of nitrite (to form nitrate) and organic species were observed. The organics oxidized to form carbonate and oxalate as well as nitrate and nitrogen gas from nitrogen associated with the organic. oxidations of metal species also were observed directly or inferred by solubilities. The chemical reaction stoichiometries were consistent with reduction of one oxygen atom per ozone molecule. Acetate, oxalate, and formate were found to comprise about 40% of the genuine waste`s total organic carbon (TOC) concentration. Ozonation was found to be chemically feasible for destroying organic species (except oxalate) present in the wastes in Tank 101-SY. The simulated waste formulation used in these studies credibly modelled the ozonation behavior of the genuine waste.
Date: December 14, 1993
Creator: Delegard, C. H.; Stubbs, A. M. & Bolling, S. D.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Radioactive air emissions notice of construction use of a portable exhauster on single-shell tanks during salt well pumping (open access)

Radioactive air emissions notice of construction use of a portable exhauster on single-shell tanks during salt well pumping

This document serves as a notice of construction (NOC), pursuant to the requirements of Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 246-247-060, and as a request for approval to construct, pursuant to 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 61.07, portable exhausters for use on singleshell tanks (SSTs) during salt well pumping. Table 1-1 lists SSTs covered by this NOC. This GOC also addresses other activities that are performed in support of salt well pumping but do not require the application of a portable exhauster. Specifically this NOC analyzes the following three activities that have the potential for emissions. (1) Salt well pumping (i.e., the actual transferring of waste from one tank to another) under nominal tank operating conditions. Nominal tank operating conditions include existing passive breathing rates. (2) Salt well pumping (the actual transferring of waste from one tank to another) with use of a portable exhauster. (3) Use of a water lance on the waste to facilitate salt well screen and salt well jet pump installation into the waste. This activity is to be performed under nominal (existing passive breathing rates) tank operating conditions. The use of portable exhausters represents a cost savings because one portable exhauster can be moved back and …
Date: July 14, 1999
Creator: Homan, N. A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Seismic waves in rocks with fluids and fractures (open access)

Seismic waves in rocks with fluids and fractures

Seismic wave propagation through the earth is often stronglyaffected by the presence of fractures. When these fractures are filledwith fluids (oil, gas, water, CO2, etc.), the type and state of the fluid(liquid or gas) can make a large difference in the response of theseismic waves. This paper summarizes recent work on methods ofdeconstructing the effects of fractures, and any fluids within thesefractures, on seismic wave propagation as observed in reflection seismicdata. One method explored here is Thomsen's weak anisotropy approximationfor wave moveout (since fractures often induce elastic anisotropy due tononuniform crack-orientation statistics). Another method makes use ofsome very convenient fracture parameters introduced previously thatpermit a relatively simple deconstruction of the elastic and wavepropagation behavior in terms of a small number of fracture parameters(whenever this is appropriate, as is certainly the case for small crackdensities). Then, the quantitative effects of fluids on thesecrack-influence parameters are shown to be directly related to Skempton scoefficient B of undrained poroelasticity (where B typically ranges from0 to 1). In particular, the rigorous result obtained for the low crackdensity limit is that the crack-influence parameters are multiplied by afactor (1 ? B) for undrained systems. It is also shown how fractureanisotropy affects Rayleigh wave speed, and …
Date: May 14, 2007
Creator: Berryman, J.G.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Short-term energy outlook: Quarterly projections, fourth quarter 1997 (open access)

Short-term energy outlook: Quarterly projections, fourth quarter 1997

The Energy Information Administration (EIA) prepares quarterly short-term energy supply, demand, and price projections for printed publication in January, April, July, and October in the Short-Term Energy Outlook. The details of these projections, as well as monthly updates on or about the 6th of each interim month, are available on the internet at: www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html. The forecast period for this issue of the Outlook extends from the fourth quarter of 1997 through the fourth quarter of 1998. Values for the fourth quarter of 1997, however, are preliminary EIA estimates (for example, some monthly values for petroleum supply and disposition are derived in part from weekly data reported in EIA`s Weekly Petroleum Status Report) or are calculated from model simulations that use the latest exogenous information available (for example, electricity sales and generation are simulated by using actual weather data). The historical energy data, compiled in the fourth quarter 1997 version of the Short-Term Integrated Forecasting System (STIFS) database, are mostly EIA data regularly published in the Monthly Energy Review, Petroleum Supply Monthly, and other EIA publications. Minor discrepancies between the data in these publications and the historical data in this Outlook are due to independent rounding. The STIFS model is driven …
Date: October 14, 1997
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Texas Register, Volume 4, Number 69, Pages 3259-3318, September 14, 1979 (open access)

Texas Register, Volume 4, Number 69, Pages 3259-3318, September 14, 1979

A weekly publication, the Texas Register serves as the journal of state agency rulemaking for Texas. Information published in the Texas Register includes proposed, adopted, withdrawn and emergency rule actions, notices of state agency review of agency rules, governor's appointments, attorney general opinions, and miscellaneous documents such as requests for proposals. After adoption, these rulemaking actions are codified into the Texas Administrative Code.
Date: September 14, 1979
Creator: Texas. Secretary of State.
Object Type: Journal/Magazine/Newsletter
System: The Portal to Texas History
Texas Register, Volume 6, Number 53, Pages 2415-2446, July 14, 1981 (open access)

Texas Register, Volume 6, Number 53, Pages 2415-2446, July 14, 1981

A weekly publication, the Texas Register serves as the journal of state agency rulemaking for Texas. Information published in the Texas Register includes proposed, adopted, withdrawn and emergency rule actions, notices of state agency review of agency rules, governor's appointments, attorney general opinions, and miscellaneous documents such as requests for proposals. After adoption, these rulemaking actions are codified into the Texas Administrative Code.
Date: July 14, 1981
Creator: Texas. Secretary of State.
Object Type: Journal/Magazine/Newsletter
System: The Portal to Texas History
Texas Register, Volume 6, Number 61, Pages 2953-2996, August 14, 1981 (open access)

Texas Register, Volume 6, Number 61, Pages 2953-2996, August 14, 1981

A weekly publication, the Texas Register serves as the journal of state agency rulemaking for Texas. Information published in the Texas Register includes proposed, adopted, withdrawn and emergency rule actions, notices of state agency review of agency rules, governor's appointments, attorney general opinions, and miscellaneous documents such as requests for proposals. After adoption, these rulemaking actions are codified into the Texas Administrative Code.
Date: August 14, 1981
Creator: Texas. Secretary of State.
Object Type: Journal/Magazine/Newsletter
System: The Portal to Texas History
Texas Register, Volume 5, Number 85, Pages 4523-4636, November 14, 1980 (open access)

Texas Register, Volume 5, Number 85, Pages 4523-4636, November 14, 1980

A weekly publication, the Texas Register serves as the journal of state agency rulemaking for Texas. Information published in the Texas Register includes proposed, adopted, withdrawn and emergency rule actions, notices of state agency review of agency rules, governor's appointments, attorney general opinions, and miscellaneous documents such as requests for proposals. After adoption, these rulemaking actions are codified into the Texas Administrative Code.
Date: November 14, 1980
Creator: Texas. Secretary of State.
Object Type: Journal/Magazine/Newsletter
System: The Portal to Texas History
Historical Evaluation of Film Badge Dosimetry Y-12 Plant: Part 2–Neutron Radiation ORAUT-OTIB-0045 (open access)

Historical Evaluation of Film Badge Dosimetry Y-12 Plant: Part 2–Neutron Radiation ORAUT-OTIB-0045

A summary of the major neutron sources involved in radiation exposures to Y-12 workers is presented in this TIB. Graphical methods are used to evaluate available neutron dose data from quarterly exposures to Y-12 workers and to determine how the data could be used to derive neutron-to-gamma dose ratios for dose reconstruction purposes. This TIB provides estimates of neutron-to-gamma dose ratios for specific departments and a default value for the neutron-to-gamma dose ratio based on the pooled neutron dose data for all Y-12 departments.
Date: December 14, 2009
Creator: Kerr, G. D.; Frome, E. L.; Watkins, J. P. & Tankersley, W. G.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Listed waste history at Hanford facility TSD units (open access)

Listed waste history at Hanford facility TSD units

This document was prepared to close out an occurrence report that Westinghouse Hanford Company issued on December 29, 1994. Occurrence Report RL-WHC-GENERAL-1994-0020 was issued because knowledge became available that could have impacted start up of a Hanford Site facility. The knowledge pertained to how certain wastes on the Hanford Site were treated, stored, or disposed of. This document consolidates the research performed by Westinghouse Hanford Company regarding listed waste management at onsite laboratories that transfer waste to the Double-Shell Tank System. Liquid and solid (non-liquid) dangerous wastes and mixed wastes at the Hanford Site are generated from various Site operations. These wastes may be sampled and characterized at onsite laboratories to meet waste management requirements. In some cases, the wastes that are generated in the field or in the laboratory from the analysis of samples require further management on the Hanford Site and are aggregated together in centralized tank storage facilities. The process knowledge presented herein documents the basis for designation and management of 242-A Evaporator Process Condensate, a waste stream derived from the treatment of the centralized tank storage facility waste (the Double-Shell Tank System). This document will not be updated as clean up of the Hanford Site progresses.
Date: June 14, 1996
Creator: Miskho, A. G.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Advanced Gas Cooled Nuclear Reactor Materials Evaluation and Development Program. Progress report, April 1, 1980-June 30, 1980 (open access)

Advanced Gas Cooled Nuclear Reactor Materials Evaluation and Development Program. Progress report, April 1, 1980-June 30, 1980

Objectives of this program are to evaluate candidate alloys for Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) Nuclear Process Heat (NPH) and Direct Cycle Helium Turbine (DCHT) applications, in terms of the effect of simulated reactor primary coolant (helium containing small amounts of various other gases), high temperatures, and long time exposures, on the mechanical properties and structural and surface stability of selected candidate alloys. A second objective is to select and recommend materials for future test facilities and more extensive qualification programs. Work covered in this report includes the activities associated with the status of the simulated reactor helium supply system, testing equipment and gas chemistry analysis instrumentation and equipment. The progress in the screening test program is described; this includes: screening creep results and metallographic analysis for materials thermally exposed or tested at 750, 850 and 950/sup 0/C. The initiation of air creep-rupture testing in the intensive screening test program is discussed. In addition, the status of the data management system is described.
Date: November 14, 1980
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
West Valley Demonstration Project Annual Site Environmental Report Calendar Year 2003 (open access)

West Valley Demonstration Project Annual Site Environmental Report Calendar Year 2003

Environmental Protection Program at the West Valley Demonstration Project for Calendar Year 2003.
Date: September 14, 2004
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Phase Behavior of Aqueous Na-K-Mg-Ca-CI-NO3 Mixtures: Isopiestic Measurements and Thermodynamic Modeling (open access)

Phase Behavior of Aqueous Na-K-Mg-Ca-CI-NO3 Mixtures: Isopiestic Measurements and Thermodynamic Modeling

A comprehensive model has been established for calculating thermodynamic properties of multicomponent aqueous systems containing the Na{sup +}, K{sup +}, Mg{sup 2+}, Ca{sup 2+}, Cl{sup -}, and NO{sub 3}{sup -} ions. The thermodynamic framework is based on a previously developed model for mixed-solvent electrolyte solutions. The framework has been designed to reproduce the properties of salt solutions at temperatures ranging from the freezing point to 300 C and concentrations ranging from infinite dilution to the fused salt limit. The model has been parameterized using a combination of an extensive literature database and new isopiestic measurements for thirteen salt mixtures at 140 C. The measurements have been performed using Oak Ridge National Laboratory's (ORNL) previously designed gravimetric isopiestic apparatus, which makes it possible to detect solid phase precipitation. Water activities are reported for mixtures with a fixed ratio of salts as a function of the total apparent salt mole fraction. The isopiestic measurements reported here simultaneously reflect two fundamental properties of the system, i.e., the activity of water as a function of solution concentration and the occurrence of solid-liquid transitions. The thermodynamic model accurately reproduces the new isopiestic data as well as literature data for binary, ternary and higher-order subsystems. Because …
Date: September 14, 2006
Creator: Gruszkiewiez, Miroslaw S.; Palmer, Donald A.; Springer, Ronald D.; Wang, Peiming & Anderko, Andrzej
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Multireference Character for 4D Transition Metal-Containing Molecules (open access)

Multireference Character for 4D Transition Metal-Containing Molecules

This article proposes new criteria, namely T₁ ≥ 0.045, D₁ ≥ 0.120, and %TAE ≥ 10%, as a gauge for 4d transition metal-containing molecules to predic the possible need to employ multireference (MR) wave function-based methods to describe energetic and spectroscopic properties.
Date: October 14, 2015
Creator: Wang, Jiaqi; Manivasagam, Sivabalan & Wilson, Angela K.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Evaluation of Representative Smart Grid Investment Grant Project Technologies: Thermal Energy Storage (open access)

Evaluation of Representative Smart Grid Investment Grant Project Technologies: Thermal Energy Storage

This document is one of a series of reports estimating the benefits of deploying technologies similar to those implemented on the Smart Grid Investment Grant (SGIG) projects. Four technical reports cover the various types of technologies deployed in the SGIG projects, distribution automation, demand response, energy storage, and renewables integration. A fifth report in the series examines the benefits of deploying these technologies on a national level. This technical report examines the impacts of energy storage technologies deployed in the SGIG projects.
Date: February 14, 2012
Creator: Tuffner, Francis K. & Bonebrake, Christopher A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
OTEC cold water pipe design for problems caused by vortex-excited oscillations (open access)

OTEC cold water pipe design for problems caused by vortex-excited oscillations

Vortex-excited oscillations of marine structures result in reduced fatigue life, large hydrodynamic forces and induced stresses, and sometimes lead to structural damage and to diestructive failures. The cold water pipe of an OTEC plant is nominally a bluff, flexible cylinder with a large aspect ratio (L/D = length/diameter), and is likely to be susceptible to resonant vortex-excited oscillations. The objective of this report is to survey recent results pertaining to the vortex-excited oscillations of structures in general and to consider the application of these findings to the design of the OTEC cold water pipe. Practical design calculations are given as examples throughout the various sections of the report. This report is limited in scope to the problems of vortex shedding from bluff, flexible structures in steady currents and the resulting vortex-excited oscillations. The effects of flow non-uniformities, surface roughness of the cylinder, and inclination to the incident flow are considered in addition to the case of a smooth cyliner in a uniform stream. Emphasis is placed upon design procedures, hydrodynamic coefficients applicable in practice, and the specification of structural response parameters relevant to the OTEC cold water pipe. There are important problems associated with in shedding of vortices from cylinders …
Date: March 14, 1980
Creator: Griffin, O. M.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
DKPRO: A radionuclide decay and reprocessing code (open access)

DKPRO: A radionuclide decay and reprocessing code

The DKPRO code solves the general problem of modeling complex nuclear wastes streams using ORIGEN2 radionuclide production files. There is a continuing need for estimates of Hanford radionuclides. Physical measurements are one basis; calculational estimates, the approach represented here, are another. Given a known nuclear fuel history, it is relatively straightforward to calculate radionuclide inventories with codes such as the widely-used Oak Ridge National Laboratory code ORIGEN2.
Date: July 14, 1997
Creator: Wootan, D. & Schmittroth, F.A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Texas Register, Volume 4, Number 60, Pages 2807-2878, August 14, 1979 (open access)

Texas Register, Volume 4, Number 60, Pages 2807-2878, August 14, 1979

A weekly publication, the Texas Register serves as the journal of state agency rulemaking for Texas. Information published in the Texas Register includes proposed, adopted, withdrawn and emergency rule actions, notices of state agency review of agency rules, governor's appointments, attorney general opinions, and miscellaneous documents such as requests for proposals. After adoption, these rulemaking actions are codified into the Texas Administrative Code.
Date: August 14, 1979
Creator: Texas. Secretary of State.
Object Type: Journal/Magazine/Newsletter
System: The Portal to Texas History
Natural gas productive capacity for the lower 48 States, 1980 through 1995 (open access)

Natural gas productive capacity for the lower 48 States, 1980 through 1995

The purpose of this report is to analyze monthly natural gas wellhead productive capacity in the lower 48 States from 1980 through 1992 and project this capacity from 1993 through 1995. For decades, natural gas supplies and productive capacity have been adequate to meet demand. In the 1970`s the capacity surplus was small because of market structure (split between interstate and intrastate), increasing demand, and insufficient drilling. In the early 1980`s, lower demand, together with increased drilling, led to a large surplus capacity as new productive capacity came on line. After 1986, this large surplus began to decline as demand for gas increased, gas prices fell, and gas well completions dropped sharply. In late December 1989, the decline in this surplus, accompanied by exceptionally high demand and temporary weather-related production losses, led to concerns about the adequacy of monthly productive capacity for natural gas. These concerns should have been moderated by the gas system`s performance during the unusually severe winter weather in March 1993 and January 1994. The declining trend in wellhead productive capacity is expected to be reversed in 1994 if natural gas prices and drilling meet or exceed the base case assumption. This study indicates that in the …
Date: July 14, 1994
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Evaluation of Representative Smart Grid Investment Project Technologies: Demand Response (open access)

Evaluation of Representative Smart Grid Investment Project Technologies: Demand Response

This document is one of a series of reports estimating the benefits of deploying technologies similar to those implemented on the Smart Grid Investment Grant (SGIG) projects. Four technical reports cover the various types of technologies deployed in the SGIG projects, distribution automation, demand response, energy storage, and renewables integration. A fifth report in the series examines the benefits of deploying these technologies on a national level. This technical report examines the impacts of a limited number of demand response technologies and implementations deployed in the SGIG projects.
Date: February 14, 2012
Creator: Fuller, Jason C.; Prakash Kumar, Nirupama & Bonebrake, Christopher A.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Radionuclide Distribution Coefficients for Sediments Collected from Borehole 299-E17-21: Final Report for Subtask 1a (open access)

Radionuclide Distribution Coefficients for Sediments Collected from Borehole 299-E17-21: Final Report for Subtask 1a

Over 360 distribution coefficients (KJ for cesium, iodine, selenium, Strontium, technetium, and uranium were measured in fiscal year 1998 using 20 sediments collected fkom borehole 299-El 7-21 on the Hanford Site as part of the Immobilized Low-Activity Waste-Performance Assessment (ILAW-PA). Additionally, the pH and cation-exchange capacity (a measure of the total quantity of cations that a sediment can adsorb) of these sediment samples were measured. The sediment samples originated from the Hanford formation (informal name). Statistical analyses, using Student's t-test and correlation were conducted with the measured values. There were no significant differences between layers 1 and 2 for the selenium, strontium, technetium, and uranium & values (statistics could not be applied to evaluate layer 3 &values). Significant differences between the cesium and iodine&values for layem 1 and 2 were observed. However, these differences were modest and would likely not warrant the added complexity of using three distinct &regions to represent the Hanford formation in the ILAW-PA model. Generally, the &values of layer 3 were more similar to those of layer 2 than those of layer 1. Conservative and best estimates of radionuclide & values were calculated based on the results from these measurements. The best estimate was chosen to …
Date: October 14, 1998
Creator: Kaplan, D. I.; Kutynakov, I. V. & Parker, K. E.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library