Article explores the life and crimes of Crawford Goldsby, also known as "Cherokee Bill," an outlaw with a colorful past whose crimes left an impact on the citizens of Indian Territory.

Article describes the life and career of Fred Tecumseh Waite, a Chickasaw politician with a colorful past who argued against the forced allotment of the Dawes Commission. Michael Tower discusses his journey from outlaw to statesman.

Article explores the life and work of William Box Hancock, a trail driver who moved cattle along the Great Western Trail in Indian Territory. Richard H. Hancock provides context to the personal accounts of his grandfather, which describe life on the trail.

Article explores the seemingly paradoxical life of William Penn Adair, a mixed-blood Cherokee who was both a slaveholder at one point and an advocate for the rights of American Indians. Paul Kelton draws connections between these two aspects of his life and investigates the meaning behind his beliefs.

Article explores the factionalism that occurred within the Creek Nation during the enrollment process of the Dawes Commission in the late nineteenth century, as well as the events surrounding the "Crazy Snake" rebellion led by Chitto Harjo.

US Army lands are currently being degraded at a rate that often exceeds natural resource conservation goals. The US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories is developing and implementing the Integrated Training Area Management (ITAM) program at several installations in the United States and Germany to reverse the rate of degradation and maintain realistic training habitat. The ITAM program includes environmental education/awareness tools, revegetation and erosion-control technologies, standardized land-monitoring methodologies, and computerized land-management decision-support systems that are integrated with military training mission requirements to provide a long-term, land-management program.

The Ninth National Conference on Undergraduate Research (NCUR 95) was held at Union College in Schenectady, New York. This annual celebration of undergraduate scholarly activity continues to elicit strong nation-wide support and enthusiasm among both students and faculty. Attendance was nearly 1,650, which included 1,213 student oral and poster presenters. For the second year in a row, many student papers had to be rejected for presentation at NCUR due to conference size limitations. Thus, submitted papers for presentation at NCUR 95 were put through a careful review process before acceptance. Those students who have been selected to have their paper appear in these Proceedings have been through yet a second review process. As a consequence, their work has been judged to represent an impressive level of achievement at the undergraduate level. Volume 1 contains papers related to Arts and Humanities (52 papers), and Social and Behavioral Sciences (64 papers).