Separate abstracts were prepared for the individual sections of this report.

Measurements were made of the neutron spectrum produced by bombarding a thick beryllium target with 30-MeV deuterons at the University of California, Davis cyclotron. This spectrum is of interest in studying the effect of neutrons on materials to be used in future fusion reactors. The spectrum was inferred from the activation of two sets of detector foils placed at 0/sup 0/ to the deuteron beam, one immediately behind the beryllium target block, and one 40 mm to the rear. A least-squares program was used to analyze the foil activation data to obtain the fluence in each of seven energy groups. The neutron spectrum (fluence/MeV) close to the target decreases continuously with energy in the range 5-32 MeV, while the spectrum 40 mm back has a peak at about 13 MeV. The contribution from neutrons of energies less than 10 MeV is much greater than that found in previous spectral measurements made at large distances from the target. This difference is attributed to the neutrons which are emitted at large angles from the deuteron beam. These observations show the importance of evaluating the neutron spectrum near the target if samples of materials are to be irradiated in this location. (auth)

The energy crisis and creation of ERDA were dominant factors affecting the activities of the Environmental Sciences Division during the past year. Efforts primarily centered on coal conversion effluents, aquatic effects from power plants, terrestrial modeling of both radioactive and nonradioactive waste transport, mineral cycling, forest management, and information handling codes and techniques. A bibliography of publications, presentation, these, and other professional activities is included. (PCS)

The decision to locate a fossil-fueled electrical power plant on a particular site involves trade-offs among the costs of: (1) land acquisition, (2) plant construction, operation, and maintenance, (3) power transmission, and (4) air pollution damage to humans, animals, plants and materials. The fourth of these, pollution costs, has been of great concern in recent years. But seldom, if ever, are the specific dollar trade-offs between the environmental and the other costs associated with site selection taken into account. The sum of the costs of power generation (land, construction, operation, maintenance), power transmission, and air pollution damages (from sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates) is the total social cost of a fossil-fuel plant; this total cost will generally vary by site. This paper presents an analysis of the total social cost, and the trade-offs between generation/transmission and air pollution costs, for various types of fossil plants at different sites in northern Illinois. The analysis identifies the combinations of site, fossil fuel, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) control technology that minimize total social costs.

The physics of fluids is based on certain kinematical invariance principles, which refer to coordinate systems, dimensions, and Galilean reference frames. Other, thermodynamic, symmetry principles are introduced by the material description. In the present work, the interplay between these two kinds of invariance principles is used to solve for classes of one-dimensional non-steady isentropic motions of a fluid whose equation of state is of Mie-Gruneisen type. Also, the change in profile and attenuation of weak shock waves in a dissipative medium is studied at the level of Burgers' approximation from the viewpoint of its underlying symmetry structure. The mathematical method of approach is based on the theory of infinitesimal Lie groups. Fluid motions are characterized according to inequivalent subgroups of the full invariance group of the flow description and exact group reducible solutions are presented.

Using new experimental techniques, the spectra of $gamma$-rays from the capture of neutrons by $sup 181$Ta were measured at the Livermore 100-MeV linac for neutrons from 2 eV to 9 x 10$sup 4$ eV with a (Ge(Li)-NaI) three-crystal spectrometer. Individual primary $gamma$-ray lines were resolved to 1778-keV excitation in $sup 182$Ta. Neutron resonances were resolved to 200-eV neutron energy. Data analysis techniques and codes were developed to extract positions and intensities of resolved transitions from the large data matrices accumulated in this experiment. Techniques were developed to unfold the unresolved $gamma$- ray spectra using the simple response of the three-crystal spectrometer. The resolved transition data were used to place 110 states with spin and parity assignments in the $sup 182$Ta level diagram below 1780-keV excitation. A set of 1240 E1 transition strengths were analyzed to extract 1.38 +- 0.11 degrees of freedom for the most likely chisquared fit to the distribution of widths. The E1 strength function was extracted for E/sub gamma/ = 4 to 6 MeV and compared with previous results. The $gamma$-ray spectra for E/sub gamma/ = 1.5 to 6.1 MeV were unfolded for neutron energy groups between 20 and 9 x 10$sup 4$ eV. Below 5-MeV $gamma$-ray …

The desire for increasing power output along with safety requirements has resulted in consideration of the prestressed concrete pressure vessel (PCPV) for most current nuclear reactor systems, as well as for the very-high-temperature reactor for process heat and as primary pressure vessels for coal conversion systems. Results are presented of a literature review to ascertain current knowledge regarding plain concrete properties under conditions imposed by a mass concrete structure such as PCRV. The effects of high temperature on such properties as strength, elasticity, and creep are discussed, as well as changes in thermal properties, multiaxial behavior, and the mechanisms thought to be responsible for the observed behavior. In addition, the effects of radiation and moisture migration are discussed. It is concluded that testing results found in the technical literature show much disagreement as to the effects of temperature on concrete properties. The variations in concrete mixtures, curing and testing procedures, age at loading, and moisture conditions during exposure and testing are some of the reasons for such disagreement. Test results must be limited, in most cases, to the materials and conditions of a given test rather than applied to such a general class of materials such as concrete. It is …

Osmotic and activity coefficient data, enthalpy data, and heat capacity data on aqueous sodium chloride solutions from various sources have been fitted to a thirteen parameter equation. The equation reproduces the osmotic coefficient data to +-0.005 over the composition range 0-6M and temperature range 0-300{sup 0}C, enthalpy data to +-5-10 cal/mole for compositions of 0-5M at temperatures from 25-100{sup 0}C, and heat capacity data to +-0.5 cal/{sup 0}K for compositions of 0-2M at temperatures from 25-200{sup 0}C. Tabulated values of the total Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and heat capacity, plus partial molal and excess thermodynamic quantities of sodium chloride solutions for compositions of 0-6M at 25{sup 0}C intervals from 0-300{sup 0}C are given along with the same quantities in graphical form for compositions of 0-6M at temperatures of 100-350{sup 0}C.

Separate abstracts were prepared for the papers presented. Other papers were previously announced. (JSR)

Characterization of unirradiated and irradiated LMFBR fuels by analytical chemistry methods will continue, and additional methods will be modified and mechanized for hot cell application. Macro- and microexaminations will be made on fuel and cladding using the shielded electron microprobe, emission spectrograph, radiochemistry, gamma scanner, mass spectrometers, and other analytical facilities. New capabilities will be developed in gamma scanning, analyses to assess spatial distributions of fuel and fission products, mass spectrometric measurements of burnup and fission gas constituents and other chemical analyses. Microstructural analyses of unirradiated and irradiated materials will continue using optical and electron microscopy and autoradiographic and x-ray techniques. Analytical quality assurance standards tasks are designed to assure the quality of the chemical characterizations necessary to evaluate reactor components relative to specifications. Tasks include: (1) the preparation and distribution of calibration materials and quality control samples for use in quality assurance surveillance programs, (2) the development of and the guidance in the use of quality assurance programs for sampling and analysis, (3) the development of improved methods of analysis, and (4) the preparation of continuously updated analytical method manuals. Reliable analytical methods development for the measurement of burnup, oxygen-to-metal (O/M) ratio, and various gases in irradiated fuels is …

Progress is reported on the following programs: geothermal and geosciences; controlled thermonuclear research; chemical processing; instrument development; environment; energy use and conservation; energy analysis; and engineering sciences.

This is the first in a series of reports evaluating environmental control technologies applicable to the coal-to-electricity process. The technologies are described and evaluated from an engineering and cost perspective based upon the best available information obtained from utility experience and development work in progress. Environmental control regulations and the health effects of pollutants are also reviewed. Emphasis is placed primarily upon technologies that are now in use. For SO/sub 2/ control, these include the use of low sulfur coal, cleaned coal, or flue-gas desulfurization systems. Electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters used for the control of particulate matter are analyzed, and combustion modifications for NO/sub x/ control are described. In each area, advanced technologies still in the development stage are described briefly and evaluated on the basis of current knowledge. Fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) is a near-term technology that is discussed extensively in the report. The potential for control of SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/ emissions by use of FBC is analyzed, as are the resulting solid waste disposal problems, cost estimates, and its potential applicability to electric utility systems. Volume II presents the detailed technology analyses complete with reference citations. This same material is given in condensed form in Volume …

Supporting research activities continued to provide the technical basis for future mirror-confinement experiments. The industrial development of a high-current, high-field, high-current-density Nb/sub 3/Sn conductor was the main goal of the superconducting magnet program. Beam direct conversion was being developed as a means of raising the efficiency of neutral-beam production, and plasma direct conversion was shown to work as predicted. Conceptual designs were completed for various types of power reactors. The neutral-beam program progressed in three areas: experimental work, facility construction, and conceptual design. Experiments on the 14-MeV Rotating Target Neutron Source (RTNS-II) included participation by experimenters from many different institutions. Methods for processing tritium-contaminated wastes were pursued, as were studies of tritiated methane in stainless-steel vessels, the control of tritium in mirror fusion reactors, and the development of titanium tritide targets for the RTNS. The report period witnessed a rapid maturation in ability to describe theoretically the behavior of ion-cyclotron noise in the 2XIIB and the influence of that noise on the confined plasma. The high beta values achieved in 2XIIB prompted much theoretical analysis of the properties of high-beta equilibria and stability, including those of a field-reversed state. Excellent progress was made on the development of computer codes applicable …

The use of photoelectron spectroscopy, primarily x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, to obtain information on the electronic structure of a wide variety of solids (especially the bulk electronic structure of solids) is covered. Both valence band and core-level spectra, as well as a few cases of photon excited Auger electron spectroscopy, are employed in the investigations to derive information on N(E). The effect of several modulations inherent in the measured I(E)'s, such as final state band structure, cross section, and relaxation, is discussed. Examples of many-electron interactions in PES are given. Some experimental aspects of PES and AES studies are given with emphasis on sample preparation techniques. Multiple splitting of core levels is examined using the Mn levels in MnF/sub 2/ as a detailed case study. Core level splittings in transition metals, rare earth metals, transition metal halides and several alloys are also reported. The application of PES to the study of the chemical bond in some crystalline semiconductors and insulators, A/sup N/B/sup 8-N/ and A/sup N/B/sup 10-N/ compounds is treated, and a spectroscopic scale of ionicity for these compounds is developed from the measured ''s-band'' splitting in the valence band density of states. (GHT)

The Inventory has resulted in establishment of a series of data bases containing biological monitoring information of varying types, namely, directory of investigators, record of projects received from mail questionnaire, detailed description of selected biomonitoring projects, and bibliographic citations supporting the projects received. This report contains detailed descriptions of selected biomonitoring projects organized on a state-by-state basis and with appropriate indices.

The goal of the ELMO Bumpy Torus Reactor (EBTR) study is the evaluation of the EBT confinement concept as the basis for development of a commercial fusion power reactor. A multidisciplinary, self-consistent treatment of EBT reactor scaling and design has been completed and a reference design (EBTR-48) has been developed. This design, based on a realistic plasma model and relatively conservative engineering parameters (i.e., 1 MW/m/sup 2/ neutron wall loading and a 7.3 T maximum toroidal field), is a steady state, ignited-mode system with high plasma power density and aspect ratio. The total thermal power of EBTR-48, exclusive of blanket multiplication, is 4000 MW; the design is based on a standard module and the design power level for a particular plant is determined by the number of modules used. Several design variants have been investigated in detail to illustrate the effect of near-term and advanced technologies and to illustrate the design freedom offered by devices with low field and high aspect ratio. The high aspect ratio simplifies many aspects of the design, most notably those associated with remote maintenance, accessibility, and repair. It appears that a commercially successful EBTR could be constructed with only slight advances in existing technology, if …

The consequences of releasing natural and depleted uranium to terrestrial ecosystems during development and testing of depleted uranium munitions were investigated. At Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, soil at various distances from armor plate target butts struck by depleted uranium penetrators was sampled. The upper 5 cm of soil at the target bases contained an average of 800 ppM of depleted uranium, about 30 times as much as soil at 5- to 10-cm depth, indicating some vertical movement of depleted uranium. Samples collected beyond about 20 m from the targets showed near-background natural uranium levels, about 1.3 +- 0.3 ..mu..g/g or ppM. Two explosives-testing areas at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) were selected because of their use history. E-F Site soil averaged 2400 ppM of uranium in the upper 5 cm and 1600 ppM at 5-10 cm. Lower Slobovia Site soil from two subplots averaged about 2.5 and 0.6 percent of the E-F Site concentrations. Important uranium concentration differences with depth and distance from detonation points were ascribed to the different explosive tests conducted in each area. E-F Site vegetation samples contained about 320 ppM of uranium in November 1974 and about 125 ppM in June 1975. Small mammals …

Radiocesium (/sup 137/Cs) distribution was determined in soil, roots, ground vegetation, overstory, litter, mammals, feces, and insects for a floodplain ecosystem contaminated by radioactive wastes from Manhattan Project operations in 1944. The 2-ha research site was located on the ERDA reservation, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, in a drained holding pond between Oak Ridge National Laboratory and White Oak Lake. Maximum /sup 137/Cs concentrations in soil occurred near the old retention pond dam (84,400 pCi/g) and at the upper portion of the floodplain boundary (70,500 pCi/g). This bimodal distribution pattern of /sup 137/Cs was evident for all samples collected. Large amounts of data have been collected since the summer of 1974. This report documents the data on ecosystem characteristics and /sup 137/Cs concentrations in biota and soil.

Costs and benefits of various urban air pollution control policies have been examined in Phase 1 of the Environmental Pollutants and the Urban Economy study being conducted jointly by Argonne National Laboratory and the University of Chicago. The need for sound economic evaluation of air quality regulations is evidenced by the resistance of many industries to pollution control policies based solely on the technical feasibility of achieving public health-related standards. For many firms that emit air pollutants, the cost of not complying with some regulations is significantly less than the cost of compliance. This final report on the Phase 1 research presents highlights of what has been learned, the mechanisms developed for transferring results to users, a bibliography of documents produced during the project, and a collection of correspondence, articles, and evaluation illuminating the use of project work by others.

A pulsed-laser stereophotography system is used to evaluate the physical changes taking place in close (1 ..mu.. m) proximity to the actinic plasma of miniature exploding foils. The system records stereopairs of photographs at 3 ns exposure time and 20X magnification. The image size is 50 mm square with resolution 40 lines/mm. The purpose of the laser is to supply a short (3 ns) pulse of monochromatic light. This laser light reflected off the test specimen is then collected by the stereocamera. The 3-ns pulse minimizes motion blur, and the monochromaticity permits filtering out all wavelengths except that of the laser (694.3 nm) wavelength. This permits the self-light of the exploding foils to be, for all practical purposes, eliminated from the stereophotographs. The metal foils provide satisfactory reflection, and the plasma acts as an optical absorber and provides for the necessary contrast. The camera includes 1.0-nm narrow-band-pass filters to prevent recording the exploding foil self-light. The stereopairs are read on a stereo-comparagraph normally used for aerial photographs that has been calibrated for reading these stereophotographs. Since these exploding foils have typical function times of 500 ns, the stereophotographs are synchronized in time with the event under test. Stereophotographs can be …

Overall objective remains unchanged: to contribute to the knowledge, with strong emphasis on fundamental problems, of how plants function, the roles they play in the environment and energy relations of the world, and how these roles may be optimized for the benefit of mankind. (PCS)

A summary is given of experimental and theoretical research on atomic physics with highly ionized ions. A list of publications is included. (JFP)

Version V of the ENDF/B dosimetry tape will include updates to the majority of isotopes in the file. Work done toward this end at Brookhaven National Laboratory is reported. (GHT)

A compilation is presented of heat transfer and pressure drop data which were collected from literature reports on extended surface heat exchangers. The type of extended surfaces considered are tubular finned tubes as distinct from compact heat exchangers. These surfaces have a base tube to which additional surface was added by mechanical means. This additional surface is in the form of fins attached to the outside surface of the tube. These tubes are normally employed for heat transfer between a liquid and a gas. The liquid flows inside the tubes and the gas, normally air, flows outside the tubes. The fins are oriented so that their surface is transverse to the axis of the tubes. The gas flows across the tubes in a direction parallel to the fin surface.