The thermally controlled solidification of a binary alloy, nucleated at isolated sites, is described by the evolution of a probability distribution function, whose variables include grain size and distance to nearest neighbor, together with descriptors of shape, orientation, and such material properties as orientation of nonisotropic elastic modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion. The relevant Liouville equation is described and coupled with global equations for energy and solute transport. Applications are discussed for problems concerning nucleation and impingement and the consequences for final size and size distribution. The goal of this analysis is to characterize the grain structure of the solidified casting and to enable the description of its probable response to thermal treatment, machining, and the imposition of mechanical insults.

The Appalachian/Illinois Basin Directors is a group devoted to increasing communication among the state oil and gas regulatory agencies within the Appalachian and Illinois Basin producing region. The group is comprised of representatives from the oil and gas regulatory agencies from states in the basin (Attachment A). The directors met to discuss regulatory issues common to the area, organize workshops and seminars to meet the training needs of agencies dealing with the uniqueness of their producing region and perform other business pertinent to this area of oil and gas producing states. The emphasis of the coordinated work was a wide range of topics related to environmental compliance for natural gas and oil exploration and production.

The March 1999 issue of Energy Matters (formerly Turning Point) discusses options industrial customers have for financing energy projects through utilities. This issue also features information about the services provided by energy service companies (ESCOs) and explains how the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance sponsors projects to protect the environment and help customers cut utility costs. A special 4-page supplement focuses on the Compressed Air Challenge and opportunities to improve the efficiency of industrial compressed air systems.

This document summarizes information from worldwide sources on the beneficial use of residues from the combustion of municipal. The information presented, including results of numerous research projects, field demonstrations, and actual full-scale projects, demonstrates that the ash can be safely used. It includes data on ash characteristics, environmental considerations, guidance on selected ash use applications, and information on federal and state regulations and policies affecting ash use.