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A History of the Cherokee Indians: Continued from September
Article chronicles the history of the Cherokee tribe from protests for their removal to Oklahoma through the aftereffects of the Civil War.
Date:
Winter 1930
Creator:
Cunningham, Hugh T.
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Creek Treaty of 1866
Article narrates the events that transpired at the signing of The Creek Treaty in 1866. Outlined within the treaty were provisions for land allotment within the Creek Nation and establishing federal courts within the territory. The treaty was signed shortly after the end of the Civil War.
Date:
Summer 1970
Creator:
Balman, Gail
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Notes and Documents, Summer 1944
Notes and Documents column including resolutions honoring Colonel A. N. Leecraft, an announcement of a memorial to Joseph Samuel Murrow, excerpts from accounts of the Masonic lodges, a list of the recent acquisitions to the society's library, a list of names for the Oklahoma War Memorial, a list of military camp papers received by historical society, a list of Oklahoma newspapers, and the minutes for the quarterly meeting of the Board of Directors of the Oklahoma Historical society held on April 27, 1944.
Date:
Summer 1944
Creator:
Oklahoma Historical Society
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Twilight of the Confederacy in Indian Territory
Article discusses the fall of the Confederate Army in Indian Territory during the Civil War, and the details of battles and commanders who clashed during this time. Fred Hood describes American Indian participation in the war and the military campaign of Stand Watie.
Date:
Winter 1963
Creator:
Hood, Fred
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Occupying the Middle Ground: African Creeks in the First Indian Home Guard, 1862-1865
Article explores the participation of the first African Americans to join the federal army in the Civil War, the First Indian Home Guard. This regiment was a tri-racial unit in which free blacks and former slaves served many roles, including the role of translator for Creek and Seminole soldiers.
Date:
Spring 1998
Creator:
Zellar, Gary
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Comanche Captives: People Between Two Worlds
Article illustrates the history of conflict between white and Hispanic settlers and the Comanche Indians, providing details about the Comanche practice of raiding forts and taking human captives to trade for goods. Michael Tate explores some of the literature written by survivors of captivity as well as some of the related conflicts that occured.
Date:
Autumn 1994
Creator:
Tate, Michael L.
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
John Jumper
Article discusses the legacy of John Jumper, one of the principle chiefs of the Seminole Nation. Carolyn Thomas Foreman discusses his life and relations between the Creeks and the Seminoles during his time of leadership, treaties formed with the U.S. government, unrest during the Civil War, and the religious institutions established within the nation during the nineteenth century.
Date:
Summer 1951
Creator:
Foreman, Carolyn Thomas, 1872-1967
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Confederate Postal System in the Indian Territory
Article discusses the issues and solutions that developed during the establishment and operation of the Confederate Postal System in Indian Territory in the Civil War Era. George H. Shirk constructs a picture of the events through the inclusion of correspondence from mail carriers and postmasters.
Date:
Summer 1963
Creator:
Shirk, George H.
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Location of the Battle of Round Mountains
Article provides a summary of the information collected by the author from various sources about the location of the Battle of Round Mountain. Angie Debo discusses the debate over its precise location and the work of the Payne County Historical Society.
Date:
Spring 1963
Creator:
Debo, Angie
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Chief Isparhecher
Article chronicles the life of Chief Isparhecher of the Loyal Creeks, a faction of the Creek tribe who fought with the Union armies during the Civil War and were against the selling of their land to the United States federal government.
Date:
Spring 1932
Creator:
Meserve, John Bartlett, 1869-1943
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Lincoln's Message to Indian Territory
Article explores the devastation caused by the Civil War in Indian Territory and President Abraham Lincoln's attempts to reconcile with the tribes that had signed treaties with the Confederate state through his "Pardon and Amnesty Proclamation." Ernest F. Darling includes a copy of the proclamation, which was translated into Cherokee and distributed.
Date:
Summer 1985
Creator:
Darling, Ernest F.
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Deadly Currents: John Ross's Decision of 1861
Article expounds on the situation Chief John Ross faced as leader of the Cherokees during the Civil War. Ari Kelman provides details about factionalism within the Cherokee Nation, the impossibility of neutrality during wartime with pressures from both Federal and Confederate armies, and the personal political intentions of the Cherokee leader.
Date:
Spring 1995
Creator:
Kelman, Ari
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Indian Soldiers for the Gray Army: Confederate Recruitment in Indian Territory
Article describes the history of alliances some Indian nations made with Confederate forces during the Civil War and examines the reasons for the alliances, which included connections, the promise of economic wealth, and threats of land removal.
Date:
Summer 1991
Creator:
Graves, William H.
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
General Douglas H. Cooper, C. S. A.
Article describes the life and career of Confederate General Douglas H. Cooper. Muriel H. Wright explores his work as a Choctaw agent, and his participation in the Civil War.
Date:
Summer 1954
Creator:
Wright, Muriel H. (Muriel Hazel), 1889-1975
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Colonel John Thompson Drew: Cherokee Cavalier
Article describes the life and military career of Colonel John Thompson Drew. A key figure in the Cherokee Nation, Drew was as a wealthy merchant and judge who had to overcome many difficulties after the conclusion of the Civil War.
Date:
Spring 1981
Creator:
McFadden, Marguerite
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Notes and Documents, Summer 1962
Notes and Documents column including documents about the Civil War centennial, OHS awards, the history of the Grand River Dam Authority, a tribute to public librarian Mrs. Lester O'Riley, a letter from President Herbert Hoover, a bronze portrait of Sequoyah, dedication of the restoration of the old Cherokee capital of New Echota, and the contents of the Thomas J. Harrison pamphlet collection.
Date:
Summer 1962
Creator:
Oklahoma Historical Society
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Notes and Documents, Fall 1966
Notes and Documents column including correspondence, biographical sketches, a report from the Oklahoma State University Department of History, and an announcement about the sale of rare books.
Date:
Autumn 1966
Creator:
Butler, Edward; Mayes, Mayme B.; Ross, Shorey W.; Knight, Homer L. & Shirk, George H.
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
On Opothleyahola's Trail: Locating the Battle of Round Mountains
Article follows the trail of Creek chief Opothleyahola in his fight against Confederate forces through military reports and oral records to determine the actual site of the civil war battle of Round Mountains, a location contested by researchers and historians.
Date:
Spring 1985
Creator:
Bahos, Charles
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Confederate Refugees from Indian Territory
Article discusses the difficulties faced by Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, and Seminole refugees who left Indian Territory during the Civil War and the relief their leaders attempted to secure them as delegates to the Confederate government.
Date:
Winter 1979
Creator:
Fischer, LeRoy H. & McMurry, William L.
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Creek Nativism since 1865
Article explores the history of the Creek people and the influence of Muscogee Creek orator Opothleyaholo. Mark K. Megehee discusses the political environment the Creeks became embroiled in, wars, and the successful preservation of Creek culture despite pressures to assimilate.
Date:
Autumn 1978
Creator:
Megehee, Mark K.
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
The Five Great Indian Nations
Article explores the history of five major Nations that partnered with the Confederate Army during the Civil War and offers a list of American Indian military units. Jessie Randolph Moore discusses how the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek Nations impacted the war efforts.
Date:
Autumn 1951
Creator:
Moore, Jessie Randolph
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
My Escape from the South in 1861
Article presents the account of the Revered John Edwards, a missionary to the Choctaws at the Wheelock Mission in Oklahoma, about his leaving the South at the beginning of the Civil War. Edwards explains various personal views, including his distaste for slavery, his faith, and reasons for leaving.
Date:
Spring 1965
Creator:
Edwards, John, 1828-1903 & Wright, Muriel H. (Muriel Hazel), 1889-1975
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Delegates of the Five Civilized Tribes to the Confederate Congress
Article describes the delegation of representatives from the "Five Civilized Tribes" of Indian Territory who met with the Confederate Congress during wartime, and the outcomes of their visit.
Date:
Autumn 1975
Creator:
Wilson, Terry Paul
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History
Confederate Government Relations with the Five Civilized Tribes
Article discusses treaties and alliances made with the Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole Nations during the Civil War. Ohland Morton focuses on interaction with the Confederate government and provides historical context to the initial uprooting of these tribes and relocation.
Date:
Summer 1953
Creator:
Morton, Ohland
System:
The Gateway to Oklahoma History