A number of compute codes have been modified or developed, both main-frame and PC. Seven codes, of which three are discussed in some detail. The later are: a controller-driven, double-precision version of the coupled-channel code ECIS; the latest version of STAPRE, a precompound plus Hauser-Feshbach nuclear reaction code; and NUSTART, a PC code that analyzes large sets of discrete nuclear levels and the multipole transitions among them. All main-frame codes are now being converted to the UNICOS operating system.

It is shown that level-density expressions cannot adequately represent or substitute for level structure information when making calculations of the Hauser-Feshbach type for cross sections or isomer-ratios for nuclei in the first few MeV above their ground state. It is stated that such discrete level information should include both experimentally confirmed and theoretically predicted levels. The utility of discrete level information to optimize level density calculations, to compute isomer ratios, in deriving dipole strength functions, and in the analysis of primary gamma ray spectra is emphasized, especially for nuclei far from the line of stability. 29 refs., 12 figs., 6 tabs. (DWL)

A double-peak, energy-dependent Breit-Wigner model of the E1 gamma-ray strength function was applied to nuclei from As to Rh, to predict their neutron capture cross sections and capture gamma-ray spectra. A consistent set of model parameters was obtained in this mass region to describe the step in the low-energy tail of the E1 strength function. This step allows agreement with photonuclear data at high energies, the correct GAMMA/sub gamma/ to be obtained for agreement with neutron capture cross-section data, and the calculation of the observed hardness in the capture gamma-ray spectra. For nuclei at or near the closed, N = 50 shell, however, the double-peak assumption breaks down. In these cases, good results are still obtained if the same set of model parameters is applied, except that the E1 strength function is formulated in terms of the first, narrower peak. 8 figures.

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Very dilute (10{sub 12} cm{sup {minus}3}) indium donors in CdTe and ZnSe powders and in CdTe single crystals were investigated using {sup 111}In Perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy. Most indium atoms are in uncomplexed sites but can form weakly-bound complexes with native defects in very defective material. The only complex observed in CdTe is an indium-Cd vacancy pair. The CdTe in which these pairs occur is apparently n-type, most Cd vacancies are free and doubly-charged, and the binding energy with indium is 0.15 eV. In ZnSe, indium can pair with a Zn vacancy or with some other presently unidentified defect. These complexes form in ZnSe containing large concentrations of both free Zn vacancies and complexes of Zn vacancies with other defects. In CdTe, the pair formation equilibration time constant is two days at 15C,an implication that Cd vacancies are mobile at room temperature. Lattice relaxation around a Cd vacancy in CdTe was probed by single crystal PAC experiments.

Various theoretical calculations of radionuclides in the reactions {sup 94}Mo(n,p){sup 94}Nb, {sup 109}Ag(n,2n){sup 108m}Ag, {sup 151}Eu(n,2n){sup 150m}Eu, {sup 153}Eu(n,2n){sup 152g+m2}Eu, {sup 159}Tb(n,2n){sup 158}Tb, {sup 187}Re(n,2n){sup 186m}Re, {sup 179}Hf(n,2n){sup l78m2}Hf, {sup 193}Ir(n,2n){sup 192m2}Ir are compared. We normalize the theoretical results to the evaluated experimental data at 14.5 MeV, and take their average. This yields averaged theoretical excitation functions for the production of the various radionuclides at neutron energies ranging from threshold to 14.5 MeV. We discuss differences between the various theoretical results, and between theory and data where they exist. Our theoretical results may be used in conjunction with experimental data to produce evaluated radionuclide production cross sections for neutron energies lower than 14.5 MeV.

Reductions in the size of the U. S. nuclear weapons arsenal resulted in the need to store large quantities of plutonium-bearing metals and oxides for prolonged periods of time. To assure that the excess plutonium from the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) sites was stored in a safe and environmentally friendly manner the plutonium-bearing materials are stabilized and packaged according to well developed criteria published as a DOE Standard. The packaged materials are stored in secure facilities and regular surveillance activities are conducted to assure continuing package integrity. The stabilization, packaging, storage and surveillance requirements were developed through extensive science and engineering activities including those related to: plutonium-environment interactions and container pressurization, corrosion and stress corrosion cracking, plutonium-container material interactions, loss of sealing capability and changes in heat transfer characteristics. This paper summarizes some of those activities and outlines ongoing science and engineering programs that assure continued safe and secure storage of the plutonium-bearing metals and oxides.

Patterns of microearthquakes detected downhole defined fracture orientation and extent in the Austin chalk, Giddings field, TX and the 76 field, Clinton Co., KY. We collected over 480 and 770 microearthquakes during hydraulic stimulation at two sites in the Austin chalk, and over 3200 during primary production in Clinton Co. Data were of high enough quality that 20%, 31% and 53% of the events could be located, respectively. Reflected waves constrained microearthquakes to the stimulated depths at the base of the Austin chalk. In plan view, microearthquakes defined elongate fracture zones extending from the stimulation wells parallel to the regional fracture trend. However, widths of the stimulated zones differed by a factor of five between the two Austin chalk sites, indicating a large difference in the population of ancillary fractures. Post-stimulation production was much higher from the wider zone. At Clinton Co., microearthquakes defined low-angle, reverse-fault fracture zones above and below a producing zone. Associations with depleted production intervals indicated the mapped fractures had been previously drained. Drilling showed that the fractures currently contain brine. The seismic behavior was consistent with poroelastic models that predicted slight increases in compressive stress above and below the drained volume.

Today`s skills will be obsolete in the year 2000. That workforce will require a much higher degree of technical sophistication and adaptability. Enormous demands will be made of DOE contractor training departments even as federal deficit reduction actions increasingly restrict resources and as the emergence of electronic performance support systems appear to diminish the need for training. True training will still be required but they must, and can, train better, faster, and cheaper. These goals are attainable by implementing the implications of performance-based training and by focusing on learning instead of on teaching. (Indeed, ability to learn efficiently and rapidly will be the premier talent in the next century.) Training Departments must dedicate themselves to changing performance, not to teaching classes. The best training department of the future will have no {open_quotes}instructors{close_quotes}. Trainingforce 2000 will look and function much differently.

Photocopy of an clipping on the legacy of Women Airforce Service Pilots, their contributions to World War II, and their eventual fight to gain veteran status.

The development of low cost, highly efficient, desulfurization technology with integrated sulfur recovery remains a principle barrier issue for Vision 21 integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation plants. In this plan, the U. S. Department of Energy will construct ultra-clean, modular, co-production IGCC power plants each with chemical products tailored to meet the demands of specific regional markets. The catalysts employed in these co-production modules, for example water-gas-shift and Fischer-Tropsch catalysts, are readily poisoned by hydrogen sulfide (H{sub 2}S), a sulfur contaminant, present in the coal-derived fuel gases. To prevent poisoning of these catalysts, the removal of H{sub 2}S down to the parts-per-billion level is necessary. Historically, research into the purification of coal-derived fuel gases has focused on dry technologies that offer the prospect of higher combined cycle efficiencies as well as improved thermal integration with co-production modules. Primarily, these concepts rely on a highly selective process separation step to remove low concentrations of H{sub 2}S present in the fuel gases and produce a concentrated stream of sulfur bearing effluent. This effluent must then undergo further processing to be converted to its final form, usually elemental sulfur. Ultimately, desulfurization of coal-derived fuel gases may cost as much as 15% …

Article discussing transition and gap models of forest dynamics.

A Los Alamos perspective on metallurgical research on neptunium, plutonium, americium, curium, and californium is presented. Alloying behaviors of these metals are discussed. Metal fabrication technologies, principally for plutonium, are emphasized.

A pulse stretcher has been designed for the LLNL sodium guide star experiment to lower the laser flux and avoid saturation effects. The optical design, mechanical layout and wavefront error analysis are presented.

In a series of recent publications, a new approach to the non-relativistic reduction of the electromagnetic current operator in calculations of electro-nuclear reactions has been introduced. In one of these papers, the conjecture that at energies of a few GeV, the bulk of the relativistic effects comes from the current and not from the nuclear dynamics was made, based on the large relativistic effects in the transverse-longitudinal response. Here, the authors explicitly compare a fully relativistic, manifestly covariant calculation performed with the Gross equation, with a calculation that uses a non-relativistic wave function and a fully relativistic current operator. They find very good agreement up to missing momenta of 400 MeV/c, thus confirming the previous conjecture. They discuss slight deviations in cross sections for higher missing momenta and their possible origin, namely p-wave contributions and off-shell effects.

GaN/InGaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) are commercialized for lighting applications because of the cost efficient way that they produce light of high brightness. Nevertheless, there is significant room for improving their external emission efficiency from typical values below 10 percent to more than 50 percent, which are obtainable by use of other materials systems that, however, do not cover the visible spectrum. In particular, green-light emitting diodes fall short in this respect, which is troublesome since the human eye is most sensitive in this spectral range. In this letter advanced electron microscopy is used to characterize indium segregation in InGaN quantum wells of high-brightness, green LEDs (with external quantum efficiency as high as 15 percent at 75 A/cm2). Our investigations reveal the presence of 1-3 nm wide indium rich clusters in these devices with indium concentrations as large as 0.30-0.40 that narrow the band gap locally to energies as small as 2.65 eV.

The Booster requires highly variable magnet cycles. When B is large, eddy current induced sextupole, etc., in the dipole vacuum chamber (VC) is large, with a much smaller contribution from magnet ends. Simple passive coils excited automatically by transformer action cancel the B induced sextupole. A self correction coil is not required for the quadrupoles, since g induced aberrations are very small (< 1.0 {times} 10{sup {minus}4} at full aperture). Iron magnetization does not produce dipole or quadrupole magnet multipole aberrations, so these magnets have been effectively made independent of unwanted multipoles for all cycles. However, variations in the transfer functions and thus the Booster tune have not been automatically eliminated. Iron magnetization contributions are almost matched, but the B induced field retardation in the dipoles VC is larger than in the quadrupoles. Results of measurements will be presented, plus a simple system to overcome the mismatch and make the tune independent of B. Properties of special lattice magnets and their corrections will also be described.

A straightforward derivation is presented for the covariance matrix of evaluated cross sections based on the covariance matrix of the experimental data and propagation through nuclear model parameters. 10 refs.

A careful consideration and understanding of fundamental chemistry, thermodynamics, and kinetics is absolutely essential when modeling predominance regions and solubility behavior of elements that exhibit a wide range of valence states. Examples of this are given using the ruthenium-water system at 298.15 K, for which a critically assessed thermochemical data base is available. Ruthenium exhibits the widest range of known aqueous solution valence states. Known solid anhydrous binary oxides of ruthenium are crystalline RuO/sub 2/, RuO/sub 4/, and possibly RuO/sub 3/ (thin film), and known hydroxides/hydrated oxides (all amorphous) are Ru(OH)/sub 3/ . H/sub 2/O, RuO/sub 2/ . 2H/sub 2/O, RuO/sub 2/ . H/sub 2/O, and a poorly characterized Ru(V) hydrous oxide. Although the other oxides, hydroxides, and hydrous oxides are generally obtained as precipitates from aqueous solutions, they are thermodynamically unstable with regard to RuO/sub 2/(cr) formation. Characterized aqueous species of ruthenium include RuO/sub 4/ (which slowly oxidizes water and which dissociates as a weak acid), RuO/sub 4//sup -/ and RuO/sub 4//sup 2 -/ (which probably contain lesser amounts of RuO/sub 3/(OH)/sub 2//sup -/ and RuO/sub 3/(OH)/sub 2//sup 2 -/, respectively, and other species), Ru(OH)/sub 2//sup 2 +/, Ru/sub 4/(OH)/sub 12//sup 4 +/, Ru(OH)/sub 4/, Ru/sup 3 +/, Ru(OH)/sup …

This process is relatively well-understood, and one of the aims of subthresold production experiments is to identify other collective effects. Some possible signatures of collective effects are: Production below the 'absolute' threshold; production in excess predictions of nucleon-nucleon models; and a change in the characteristic behavior of the pion spectra as the threshold is crossed. This paper discusses these collective effects especially the last one. (LSP)

Twenty papers were included covering the Edna Delcambre Test Well, legal studies, environmental studies, economic studies, and resource utilization. Separate abstracts were prepared for each paper. (MHR)

A model for transient infiltration into a periodically fractured porous layer is presented. The fracture is treated as a permeable-walled slot and the moisture distribution is in the form of a slug being an advancing meniscus. The wicking of moisture from the fracture to the unsaturated porous matrix is a nonlinear diffusion process and is approximately by self-similar solutions. The resulting model is a nonlinear Volterra integral equation with a weakly singular kernel. Numerical analysis provides solutions over a wide range of the parameter space and reveals the asymptotic forms of the penetration of this slug in terms of dimensionless variables arising in the model. The numerical solutions corroborate asymptotic results given earlier by Nitao and Buscheck (1991), and by Martinez (1988). Some implications for the transport of liquid in fractured rock are discussed.

Initial- and final-state rescattering, neglected in the parton model, have a profound effect in QCD hard-scattering reactions, predicting single-spin asymmetries, diffractive deep inelastic scattering, diffractive hard hadronic reactions, the breakdown of the Lam Tung relation in Drell-Yan reactions, and nuclear shadowing and non-universal antishadowing--leading-twist physics not incorporated in the light-front wavefunctions of the target computed in isolation. I also discuss the use of diffraction to materialize the Fock states of a hadronic projectile and test QCD color transparency, and anomalous heavy quark effects. The presence of direct higher-twist processes where a proton is produced in the hard subprocess can explain the large proton-to-pion ratio seen in high centrality heavy ion collisions. I emphasize the importance of distinguishing between static observables such as the probability distributions computed from the square of the light-front wavefunctions versus dynamical observables which include the effects of rescattering.

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